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Table 1 Demographic, clinical and laboratory features of reported Plasmodium knowlesi deaths, on admission

From: Deaths due to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: association with reporting as Plasmodium malariae and delayed parenteral artesunate

Details

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

P. knowlesi-associated gram-negative septic shock

Age, years

71

65

51

50

49

36

Sex

Male

Male

Male

Male

Female

Female

Time to death, hours

1

75

16

56

63

84

Blood pressure, mmHg

75/49

117/73

70/40

83/51

112/51

131/87

Heart rate per minute

127

58

110

89

113

110

Oxygen saturation on room air, %

75

92

90

60

88

85

PaO2:FiO2 ratio

NA

NA

66

115

91

NA

Axillary temperature, °C

39.4

36.8

37.6

37.5

36.7

37.8

Haemoglobin, g/dL (females 12.0-16.0, males 13.5-17.5)

14.9

14.6

9.4

10.9

12.6

11.1

WBC count, x 103 cells/μL (4.5-11)

10.8

4.8

6.8

7.81

12.1

7.8

Platelet count, x 103 cells/μL (150-450)

88

58

8

3

32

53

Serum creatinine, μmol/L (63-133)

1451

NA

578

330

283

NA

Serum urea, mmol/L (1.0–8.3)

81.5

6.1

44

38.5

25

10.8

Total serum bilirubin, μmol/L (<17)

NA

NA

146

74

25

NA

Serum aspartate aminotransferase, U/L (<37)

42

NA

53

NA

39

NA

Serum alanine aminotransferase concentration, U/L (<40)

NA

NA

28

49

20

NA

Serum albumin, g/L (35-60)

NA

NA

23

19

28

NA

Serum bicarbonate, mmol/L (18-23)

NA

NA

14

16.2

14

6.5

Serum lactate mmol/L (0.5-2.2)

NA

NA

6.4

6.8

NA

NA

Blood cultures

negative

Not done

negative

negative

Not done

Enterobacter cloacae

Initial microscopic diagnosis

P. falciparum”3+” P. malariae “4+”

P. malariae “3+”

P. malariae “4+”

P. vivax “4+”

P. malariae “4+”

P. malariae “1+”

PCR result*

P. knowlesi

P. knowlesi

P. knowlesi

P. knowlesi

P. knowlesi

P. knowlesi

Initial therapy received

IV quinine/oral chloroquine, primaquine and doxycycline

Oral chloroquine

IV artesunate

Oral chloroquine and primaquine

Oral chloroquine and primaquine

Oral sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine and primaquine

  1. NOTE. Laboratory reference ranges are given in parentheses.
  2. NA, not available; IV, intravenous.
  3. *Blood samples used for PCR-confirmation were taken on the day of hospital admission for cases 1, 3 and 5; day 2 for case 2; day 3 for case 4, and day 1 for case 6.