From: A framework for assessing the risk of resistance for anti-malarials in development
Factor | Level of action | Variables |
---|---|---|
Drug mode-of-action | Parasite | Target nature (cellular process, protein, other). |
Target gene localization (nuclear or mitochondrial genome). | ||
Drug subcellular localization (vacuole, organelle, cytoplasm). | ||
Resistance mode-of-action | Parasite | Target mutation rate. |
Nature of mutations required for resistance (single nt, in/del, copy number). | ||
Number of mutations required for resistance (causal and compensating). | ||
Fitness | Human host | Growth rate of resistant parasite (within host competition) |
Effect of drug on gametocytogenesis and gametocyte viability. | ||
Effect of resistance mutations on gametocytogenesis and gametocyte viability. | ||
Drug pharmacokinetic | Human host | Clinical parasite reduction ratio |
Drug half-life | ||
Drug dosage | ||
Drug deployment | Human population | Drug pressure |
Drug combination | ||
Parasite transmission intensity | ||
 |  | Human population immunity |