Figure 2

Proportions of SNPs associated with SP resistance. DNA from laboratory strains with known pfdhfr and pfdhps haplotypes (3D7, FRC3, K1, HB3, DD2, 7G8) were used as positive controls. Panel A: Proportion of SNPs associated with SP resistance on pfdhps gene: codons S436A, A437G, K540E, K613S/T and A581G. SGKAA, AGKAA are single mutant haplotypes while AGKGS represents double mutant. Mixed infections were excluded in the derivation of allelic haplotypes. Panel B: Proportions of SNPs associated with SP resistance on pfdhfr gene: codons N51I, C59R, S108N and I164L. Proportions are shown for isolates collected at different time-points. CI CN I, CNRN I and CNRT I are double mutant haplotypes while CIRN I represents triple mutant. Panel C: Proportions of combined pfdhfr and pfdhps allelic haplotypes. The combined analysis of both loci revealed that more than 80% of the parasite isolates had quadruple pfdhfr/pfdhps allelic haplotypes.