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Table 3 Pregnancy outcomes in relation to anti-malarial exposure status in first trimester

From: Safety of artemether-lumefantrine exposure in first trimester of pregnancy: an observational cohort

Variables

Outcomes

Crude OR

Pμ

Adjusted ORα

Pμ

  

(95% CI)

(95%CI)

Birth outcome

MC/SB

Live birth

    
 

n (%)

n (%)

    

AL exposure

      

   Yes

13 (12.3)

159 (9.5)

1.3 (0.7 – 2.4)

0.348

1.4 (0.8 – 2.5)

0.295

   No

93 (87.7)

1518 (90.5)

    

Quinine exposure

      

   Yes

10 (9.4)

68 (4.1)

2.5 (1.2 – 4.9)

0.011

2.5 (1.3 – 5.1)

0.009

   No

96 (90.6)

1609 (95.9)

    

SP exposure

      

   Yes

2 (1.9)

64 (3.8)

0.5 (0.1 – 2.0)

0.318

0.5 (0.1 – 2.0)

0.312

   No

104 (98.1)

1613 (96.2)

    

Amodiaquine exposure

      

   Yes

0 (0.0)

11 (0.7)

- (0)

-

- (0)

-

   No

106 (100)

1666 (99.3)

    

No anti-malarial exposure

      

   Yes

83 (78.3)

1380 (82.3)

0.8 (0.5 – 1.3)

0.301

0.8 (0.5 – 1.2)

0.260

   No

23 (21.7)

297 (17.7)

    

Birth weight (grams)

< 2500

≥ 2500

    

n (%)

n (%)

AL exposure

      

   Yes

9 (11.1)

150 (9.4)

1.2 (0.6 – 2.5)

0.608

1.2 (0.6 – 2.5)

0.573

   No

72 (88.9)

1446 (90.6)

    

Quinine exposure

      

   Yes

2 (2.5)

66 (4.1)

0.6 (0.1 – 2.4)

0.463

0.6 (0.1 – 2.4)

0.461

   No

79 (97.5)

1530 (95.9)

    

SP exposure

      

   Yes

2 (2.5)

62 (3.9)

0.6 (0.2 – 2.6)

0.520

0.7 (0.2 – 3.0)

0.639

   No

79 (97.5)

1534 (96.1)

    

Amodiaquine exposure

      

   Yes

0 (0.0)

11 (0.7)

- (0)

-

- (0)

-

   No

100 (100)

1585 (99.3)

    

No anti-malarial exposure

      

   Yes

69 (85.2)

1311 (82.1)

1.3 (0.7 – 2.3)

0.485

1.2 (0.6 – 2.3)

0.564

   No

12 (14.8)

285 (17.9)

    

Maturity status at birth

Preterm

Term

    

n (%)

n (%)

AL exposure

      

   Yes

10 (8.9)

149 (9.5)

0.9 (0.5 – 1.8)

0.812

0.9 (0.5 – 1.8)

0.865

   No

103 (91.1)

1415 (90.5)

    

Quinine exposure

      

   Yes

10 (8.9)

58 (3.7)

2.5 (1.3 – 5.1)

0.010

2.6 (1.3 – 5.3)

0.007

   No

103 (91.1)

1506 (96.3)

    

SP exposure

      

   Yes

7 (6.2)

57 (3.6)

1.7 (0.8 – 3.9)

0.177

1.8 (0.8 – 4.1)

0.160

   No

106 (93.8)

1507 (96.4)

    

Amodiaquine exposure

      

   Yes

0 (0.0)

11 (0.7)

- (0)

-

- (0)

-

   No

113 (100)

1553 (99.3)

    

No anti-malarial exposure

      

   Yes

88 (77.9)

1292 (82.6)

0.7 (0.5 – 1.2)

0.205

0.7 (0.5 – 1.1)

0.168

   No

25 (22.1)

272 (17.4)

    
  1. Abbreviations: AL = Artemether-lumefantrine; MC = Miscarriage; SB = Stillbirth; SP = Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine.
  2. RR = Relative Risk; CI = Confidence Interval.
  3. μEstimated from the logistic regression model with Wald type P-value.
  4. αAdjusted for age and parity.