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Table 6 Univariate analysis of placental Plasmodium falciparum histological determinants of birth weight, gestational age and maternal haemoglobin

From: Placental infections with histologically confirmed Plasmodium falciparum are associated with adverse birth outcomes in India: a cross-sectional study

 

Birth weight (BW)

Gestational age (GA)

Maternal haemoglobin (Hb)

Factors

N

Mean BW (SD)

Mean difference (95% CI)

p

Mean GA (SD)

Mean difference (95% CI)

p

N

Mean Hb (SD)

Mean difference (95% CI)

p

Placental parasites

           

Present

33

2419 (535)

-217 (-375, -58)

0.01

36.7 (1.2)

-0.5 (-1.03, -0.11)

0.01

38

9.6 (2.4)

-0.9 (-1.63, -0.17)

0.02

Absent

441

2636 (440)

Reference

 

37.3 (1.3)

Reference

 

464

10.5 (2.1)

Reference

 

Syncytial knots

           

Increased

59

2546 (501)

-85 (-208, 37)

0.2

36.8 (1.6)

-0.5 (-0.81, -0.1)

0.01

65

10.3 (2.6)

-0.2 (-0.79, 0.35)

0.4

Normal

415

2631 (442)

Reference

 

37.3 (1.2)

Reference

 

437

10.5 (2.1)

Reference

 

Fibrinoid necrosis

           

Present

75

2620 (476)

-1 (-112, 110)

0.9

37.0 (1.4)

-0.3 (-0.58,0.05)

0.1

78

10.6 (2.2)

0.2 (-0.32, 0.76)

0.4

Absent

399

2621 (446)

Reference

 

37.3 (1.3)

Reference

 

424

10.4 (2.2)

Reference

 

Intervillous fibrin

           

Moderate-severe

68

2616 (432)

-18 (-178, 141)

 

37.1 (1.5)

-0.1 (-0.5, 0.4)

 

68

10.2 (1.8)

-0.6 (-1.34, 0.18)

0.1

Mild

281

2616 (470)

-18 (-133, 95)

0.8

37.2 (1.3)

0.0 (-0.3, 0.3)

0.8

295

10.4 (2.3)

-0.4 (-0.90, 0.16)

 

Absent

125

2634 (417)

Reference

 

37.2 (1.2)

Reference

 

139

10.8 (2.1)

Reference

 

Calcification

           

Focal

51

2519 (426)

-114 (-245, 16)

0.1

36.8 (1.3)

-0.5 (- 0.87, -0.11)

0.01

51

10.2 (2.8)

-0.3 (-1.03, 0.24)

0.2

Absent

423

2633 (452)

Reference

 

37.3 (1.3)

Reference

 

451

10.5 (2.1)

Reference

 

Pigmented fibrin

           

Present

36

2527 (452)

-101 (-254, 52)

0.2

37.0 (1.2)

-0.3 (-0.72, 0.16)

0.2

40

10.2 (2.1)

-0.3 (-0.98, 0.44)

0.4

Absent

438

2628 (450)

Reference

 

37.3 (1.3)

Reference

 

462

10.5 (2.2)

Reference

 

Pigmented monocytes

           

Present

16

2257 (516)

-376 (-598, -153)

0.001

36.5 (1.2)

-0.7 (-1.37, -0.07)

0.02

19

9.1 (2.7)

-1.4 (-2.4, -0.4)

0.01

Absent

458

2633 (443)

Reference

 

37.3 (1.3)

Reference

 

483

10.5 (2.1)

Reference

 

* IVS Polymorponuclear cells

           

Moderate-severe

33

2594 (422)

-22 (-215, 172)

 

37.5 (1.1)

0.3 (-0.22, -0.89)

 

36

10.8 (2.5)

0.3 (-0.54, 1.26)

0.5

Mild

84

2647 (436)

31 (-98, 159)

0.8

37.3 (1.3)

0.1 (-0.21,0.53)

0.2

90

10.4 (2.3)

-0.1 (-0.70, 0.51)

 

Absent

356

2616 (458)

Reference

 

37.2 (1.3)

Reference

 

376

10.5 (2.1)

Reference

 

* IVS Monocytes

           

Moderate-severe

30

2634 (515)

-1 (-202, 200)

 

37.4 (1.6)

0.2 (-0.42,0.74)

 

33

9.7 (2.7)

-0.8 (-1.79, 0.08)

 

Mild

95

2563 (454)

-72 (-195, 50)

0.4

37.1 (1.2)

-0.1 (-0.46, 0.25)

0.6

101

10.5 (2.4)

-0 .1 (-0.65, 0.51)

0.1

Absent

349

2635 (444)

Reference

 

37.2 (1.3)

Reference

 

368

10.6 (2.1)

Reference

 
  1. Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; CI = confidence interval; *IVS = intervillous space; BW = Birth weight; GA = gestational age
  2. Note: BW and GA were assessed for singleton live-birth babies only. Among 506 cases assessed, BW and GA were not available for 23 stillbirths, 1 twin delivery, and 8 newborn babies who needed immediate medical attention at birth. Maternal haemoglobin was missing in 4 of the 506 cases.