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Figure 4 | Malaria Journal

Figure 4

From: Distinct patterns of diversity, population structure and evolution in the AMA1 genes of sympatric Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax populations of Papua New Guinea from an area of similarly high transmission

Figure 4

Frequency of AMA1 polymorphisms and haplotypes in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax populations in Papua New Guinea. A) Polymorphisms. The frequencies of common polymorphisms are shown for (i) Pf AMA1 (n = 41) and (ii) Pv AMA1 (n = 18). Location of residues is indicated by the colored panel along the top of the chart: signal sequence (grey), DI (red), DII (orange), DIII (blue), transmembrane region (black). Allele frequencies are indicated by the proportion of each bar shaded. Sites that are polymorphic in both species are indicated by an asterisk. Antigenic escape residues defined for Pf AMA1 (the “c1L” cluster) are indicated by the horizontal black line (ii). B) Haplotypes. Frequencies of haplotypes based on common polymorphisms for (i) Pf AMA1 (n = 21) and (ii) Pv AMA1 (n = 78). Coloured segments indicate shared haplotypes between the two populations and grey indicates those unique to one population. The size of the fragment reflects the relative frequency of the haplotype within the population. Reference strain haplotypes are colored to highlight presence/absence in the populations investigated. For Pf AMA1, only one haplotype was identical to a reference strain (FVO). No naturally circulating Pv AMA1 strains shared haplotypes with any of the reference strains analysed, and thus they are shown in grey. Sample size (n) and origin are indicated.

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