Figure 1

The MCD bottle bioassay. A clean 1-L plastic bottle with the bottom cut off and a piece of netting held in place with a ring of PVC tube. The netting can be a piece cut from an LLIN, netting dipped in liquid formulations of insecticides, or electrostatically charged netting coated with dry formulations of insecticides, including fungal spores. Mosquitoes are introduced via an aspirator at the bottle opening (right), which can then be sealed using a clean piece of cotton. Mosquitoes are then allowed to recruit to a heat or odour cue placed behind the netting (left), for example a glass jar filled with hot water.