Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline characteristics by acute kidney injury severity and clinical outcome

From: Correlation of biomarkers for parasite burden and immune activation with acute kidney injury in severe falciparum malaria

Variable

Total

No AKI

Mild AKI

Moderate AKI

Severe AKI

Test-for-trend

 

(n = 137)

(n = 31)

(n = 32)

(n = 42)

(n = 32)

 

  Age (years)a

35 (23–45)

26 (18–35)

33 (25–40)

35 (21–50)

40 (28–48)

0.003

  Malesc

110 (80)

27 (87)

27 (84)

30 (71)

26 (81)

0.301

Clinical

      

  SBP (mmHg)

111 (19)

116 (15)

113 (20)

108 (20)

107 (21)

0.048

  RR (breaths/min)b

31 (30–33)

29 (27–30)

34 (31–37)

32 (29–34)

32 (28–35)

0.239

  GCS (#/15)a

8 (6–11)

8 (7–10)

8 (5–10)

9 (6–11)

9 (5–12)

0.937

Laboratory

      

  HCT (%)

30 (8)

34 (7)

30 (9)

29 (8)

29 (8)

0.011

  Parasitaemia

73209

46723

33560

174140

78018

0.070

   (#/μL)b

(50362–106419)

(19688–110884)

(11984–93981)

(120635–251377)

(36814–165340)

  Creatinine

1.53

0.69

1.11

1.75

3.80

<0.001

   (mg/dL)b

(1.37–1.72)

(0.63–0.76)

(1.03–1.21)

(1.60–1.91)

(3.26–4.43)

  BUN (mg/dL)b

42 (37–48)

21 (18–25)

27 (23–32)

57 (50–65)

88 (73–105)

<0.001

  CrCl

50.6

123.3

72.5

41.7

19.3

<0.001

   (ml/min)b

(44.9–57.0)

(112.8–134.8)

(69.8–75.3)

(39.0–44.5)

(17.0–21.8)

  Potassium (mmol/L)

4.4 (1.0)

4.0 (0.7)

4.4 (1.1)

4.4 (0.7)

4.6 (1.4)

0.031

  Sodium (mmol/L)

133 (7)

129 (7)

134 (5)

133 (8)

133 (6)

0.069

  Albumin (g/L)

29 (5)

31 (5)

30 (4)

28 (5)

27 (6)

<0.001

  Total bilirubin (mg/dL)b

4.5 (3.8–5.4)

4.1 (2.8–5.9)

3.1 (2.3–4.1)

4.9 (3.5–6.7)

6.7 (4.7–9.6)

0.011

  Direct bilirubin (mg/dL)b

1.8 (1.5–2.2)

1.2 (0.8–2.0)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

2.2 (1.5–3.2)

3.4 (2.2–5.2)

<0.001

  ALT (U/L)b

30 (25–36)

22 (17–28)

30 (21–43)

36 (25–51)

34 (23–51)

0.064

  Base excess (mmol/L)

-9 (7)

-4 (4)

-5 (4)

-11 (7)

-13 (7)

<0.001

  Bicarbonate (mmol/L)

17 (5)

21 (4)

19 (4)

14 (5)

14 (4)

<0.001

  pH

7.37 (0.13)

7.42 (0.08)

7.42 (0.09)

7.35 (0.12)

7.30 (0.17)

<0.001

  pCO2 (mmHg)

28 (7)

32 (6)

29 (7)

25 (8)

26 (7)

<0.001

  Lactate (mmol/L)b

5.1 (4.6–5.6)

4.3 (3.7–5.1)

3.9 (3.2–4.7)

7.1 (6.0–8.3)

4.9 (3.8–6.4)

0.029

Biomarkers

      

  HRP2

1649

678

1413

2419

2833

<0.001

   (ng/ml)b

(1297–2096)

(397–1156)

(967–2064)

(1715–3413)

(1648–4872)

  uNGAL/Ucr

1262

750

1,012

1281

2549

<0.001

   (pg/mg cr)b

(1097–1451)

(589–956)

(745–1376)

(1066–1541)

(1943–3345)

Outcomes

      

 RRT indicatedc

39 (28)

1 (3)

2 (6)

14 (33)

22 (69)

<0.001

 Deathc

53 (39)

12 (39)

8 (25)

19 (45)

14 (44)

0.333

  1. All values are mean (SD) unless otherwise specified; amedian (IQR), bgeometric mean (95% CI), cnumber (%). P <0.05 using test-for-trend; significant in bold.
  2. AKI = acute kidney injury; SBP = systolic blood pressure; RR = respiratory rate; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; HCT = haematocrit; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CrCl = creatinine clearance; ALT = alanine transaminase; pCO2 = venous partial pressure carbon dioxide; HRP2 = Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2; suPAR = soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; uNGAL/Ucr = urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin corrected for urine creatinine; RRT = renal replacement therapy.