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Table 1 Summary of studies that provide cost estimates of the delivery of insecticide and/or nets

From: Costing the distribution of insecticide-treated nets: a review of cost and cost-effectiveness studies to provide guidance on standardization of costing methodology

Category*

Distribution

Study**

Country

Perspective

Cost included

Guideline used***

Year of price

Currency

Cost****

Source

Financial

Economic

Per net delivered

Per treatment delivered

Per ITN delivered

Per treated net year

Per person protected

Public/Public

Campaign (Door-to-door)

C

Solomon Islands (Florida Islands)

Provider

Nets, insecticide, transport, fuel, repairs, wages, equipment, materials, facilities

Time taken

Yes

1988/89

SI$

    

3.85 (= US$ 1.97)

341

 

Campaign (Door-to-door)

C

China (Napo County)

Provider

Insecticide

 

No

1990 – 92

Yuan

    

0.48F

35

 

Campaign (Door-to-door)

CE

Northern Ghana (Kassena – Nankana district)

Provider

Nets, insecticide, wages, transport, supplies & services

Adjusted financial costs plus time of volunteers

Yes

1993/94

US$ (and Cedis)

  

2.40

  

20

 

General health facilities

CE

The Gambia

Provider

Nets, insecticide, etc. (taken from Picard et al. 1993)

Adjusted financial costs

No

1990

US$

  

6.24

  

36

 

Campaign (Door-to-door)

C

Tanzania

Provider

Nets, insecticide, wages, transport

Cost of nets was annualised (but not discounted)

No

1996

US$

1.00F

0.46F

1.46F

  

37

 

Campaign (Distrib. point not specified; assumed central)

CE

Thailand (Thai-Myanmar Border)

Patients

Direct medical costs, transportation, food

Time absent from work

Yes

1994/95

US$

     

38

 

Campaign (Door-to-door)

C

Pakistan (Afghan refugee camps)

Provider

Net, insecticide, operational costs

Cost of net annualised (but not discounted)

No

1991 – 94

US$

    

1.51

39

 

Campaign (Fixed-site)

CE

South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)

Provider

Nets, insecticide, wages, equipment, transport, storage space

Adjusted financial cost plus donated insecticide

Yes

1999

US$ (and Rand)

    

3.82

40

 

Campaign (Distrib. point not specified; assumed to be central)

CE

Thailand (Thai-Myanmar border)

Provider

Wages, material, capital cost

 

Yes

1994

US$

    

1.30F

41

 

Antenatal Clinics

C

Kenya

Provider

Net and insecticide, transport

 

No

2001

US$

  

3.81F 5.26F, L

  

19

Public/Public

Campaign (Door-to-door)

C

Columbia

Provider

Wages, per diems, insecticide, transport

 

Yes

2001

US$

 

5.10F (near) 12.40F (far)

   

42

 

Campaign (Fixed-site)

C

Tropical Africa

Provider

Nets, wages, allowances, transport

 

Yes

2003

US$

2.40F

    

22

 

Campaign (Fixed-site)

CE

Kenya

Society

Insecticide, nets, wages, supplies, transport, buildings, equipment, furniture, water, time of users

Adjusted financial costs plus value of community labour

Yes

1996

US$

  

1.90NC 2.20N

 

1.4NC 1.6N

4

 

Measles vaccination sites

C

Ghana

Provider

ITNs, training and supervision, transportation, community education

 

No

2002

US$

  

3.74F

  

43

Public/Mixed

Campaign – fixed site (Field trial using PHC workers & villagers)

CE

The Gambia

Society

Insecticide, wages, transport, equipment, treatment, funeral expenses

Adjusted financial costs plus time of volunteers, carers, hours lost due to mourning

Yes

1990

US$

 

5.65

   

44

 

Local clinics Mobile teams CHW

C

Afghanistan

Provider

Nets, insecticide, monitoring, supervision, training, clinic overheads, wages, transport

Cost per net was adjusted (but not of other capital items)

Yes

1995

US$

2.01 1.89

1.08 0.49 1.87

   

45

 

Campaign (Door-to-door)

CE

The Gambia (National Programme)

Society (Provider + Community)

Insecticide, wages, supplies, services, transport, equipment, awareness campaign, community capital costs incl. nets

Adjusted financial costs plus community time and water

Yes

1991 – 92

US$ (and Dalasis)

 

1.00N

3.30N

  

26

 

Campaign (Fixed site)

C

Vietnam (Hoa Binh Province)

Provider

Insecticide, equipment, labour, nets and transport (purchased by community)

Adjusted financial costs

Yes

1996

US$

0.58 – 0.61P

0.32P

  

0.90 – 0.93

31

Mixed/Mixed

Public and private sales agents

C

Tanzania

Project costs and users' contributions

  

No

1998 – 99

US$

6.14 – 6.87F

1.72 – 2.11F

   

46

 

Public and private sales agents

CE

Tanzania

Project implementation costs, user contributions, travel costs

Adjusted financial costs plus time of users, in-kind community contributions, donated inputs

Yes

2000

US$ (and Shillings)

   

8.30F

13.38

 

5

 

General health facilities & commercial outlets

CE

Malawi

Provider

Capital and recurrent costs

Adjusted capital costs (assumed life-span as in Hanson et al. 2003)

Yes

1998 – 2003

US$

  

2.63

4.41

 

27

Private/Mixed

Community (Community groups)

C, CE

Kenya (Western highlands)

Provider & Society

Wages, nets, insecticide, cost-recovery included and excluded in analysis

Adjusted financial costs plus opportunity cost of MoH Government, community, and of using NGO truck

Yes

2000

US$ (and Shillings)

  

4.68 30.00O

  

47,48

Private/Private

Community

C

Benin (Savalou region)

Provider

Local mosquito net production, insecticide, transportation, wages

 

No

1993

US$ (and CFA)

  

10.50F(sales price incl. profit)

  

49

 

Community (Community groups)

C

Kenya

Provider

Nets, netting material, insecticide, project running cost, monitoring, awareness campaign, training, transport

Some financial costs adjusted (but nets not included as capital items)

No

2002

US$

  

15.80F 14.40

  

9

 

Formal sector retail outlet

C

The Gambia

Provider

Net (locally made), insecticide

Cost of net annualised but not discounted

No

1987

US$

1.75

0.30

2.05

  

50

  1. * Delivery Point/Financing of net & insecticide (Public = Free, Mixed = Partially Subsidised, Private = Full Cost and includes payment by households)
  2. ** C = Study providing cost estimate; CE = Study carried out to establish cost-effectiveness
  3. *** Guidelines include reference by the authors to relevant documents for guidance on costing
  4. **** Economic cost is provided unless otherwise indicated (economic costs are derived from financial costs by excluding VAT, annualising capital costs and annualising programme development costs over expected useful life of net)
  5. C Community effect included; also called 'mass effect', see reference 51 and 52 for examples
  6. F Financial cost, rather than economic cost
  7. I Incremental cost over two year study period
  8. L Cost including leakage to non-target group
  9. N Net cost, i.e. total implementation cost minus resources saved
  10. O Cost estimate including overheads to support the NGO facilitating the ITN programme
  11. P Average cost per person protected, not per net; generally nets were single or double size
  12. 1 see reference 23 for price in US$