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Table 2 Non-spatial bivariate and multivariate analysis of the association of survey and environmental covariates with Pf PR in north and south of Somalia.

From: Spatial prediction of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in Somalia

 

Bivariate model

Multivariate model

Zone

Odds ratio (95%

Confidence

Interval)

P-value

Odds ratio (95%

Confidence

Interval)

P-value

North

    

Average annual Enhanced Vegetation Index

1.03 (1.06–1.11)

<0.001

1.97 (0.24–1.63)

0.223

Average annual precipitation

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

0.002

1.04 (1.02–1.08)

0.002

Average annual minimum temperature

    

<median of 20.4°C

Ref

-

Ref

-

>median of 20.4°C

2.02 (1.59–2.58)

<0.001

1.35 (1.01–1.80)

0.045

Average annual maximum temperature

    

<median of 32.4°C

Ref

-

Ref

-

>median of 32.4°C

2.63 (2.04–3.39)

<0.001

-

-

Distance to water features (km)

0.61 (0.49–.76)

<0.001

0.68 (0.46–0.99)

0.049

Survey month

    

   February

Ref

-

Ref

-

   July

2.83 (2.24–3.59)

<0.001

3.24 (2.37–4.44)

<0.001

   September

0.08 (0.04–0.16)

<0.001

0.10 (0.04–0.19)

<0.001

   November

1.66 (1.29–2.14)

<0.001

1.58 (1.13–2.22)

0.008

South

    

Average annual Enhanced Vegetation Index

1.09 (1.05–1.19)

<0.001

1.60 (0.54–4.70)

0.215

Average annual precipitation

1.03 (1.02–1.04)

<0.001

1.02 (1.03–1.04)

<0.001

Average annual minimum temperature

    

<median of 22.1°C

Ref

-

Ref

 

>median of 22.1°C

0.43 (0.39–0.48)

<0.001

0.61 (0.55–0.68)

<0.001

Average annual maximum temperature

    

<median of 33.6°C

Ref

-

-

-

>median of 33.6°C

2.15 (1.96–2.36)

<0.001

-

-

Distance to water features (km)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

0.005

0.84 (0.81–0.87)

<0.001

Survey month

    

   February

Ref

-

-

-

   March

3.57 (3.25–3.92)

<0.001

7.62 (6.30–9.22)

<0.001

   May

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

0.194

6.03 (4.68,7.79)

<0.001

   June

0.73 (0.65–0.82)

<0.001

1.71 (1.43–2.04)

0.001

   November

0.18 (0.14–0.24)

<0.001

0.33 (0.25–0.45)

<0.001

   December

1.10 (0.99–1.22)

0.056

1.62 (1.41–1.87)

<0.001

  1. Ref = reference or base outcome