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Table 2 The clinical manifestations of patients with presumptive malaria according to HIV status

From: Falciparum malaria and HIV-1 in hospitalized adults in Maputo, Mozambique: does HIV-infection obscure the malaria diagnosis?

 

Verified malaria

Rejected malaria diagnosis

All

HIV+

HIV-

Total*

HIV+

HIV-

Total*

Total, n

12

8

23

20

2

28

51

Median age, years (n)

30 (11)

39 (8)

34 (23)

32 (20)

52 (2)

32 (28)

34 (51)

Female sex, n (%)

5 (42)

4 (50)

9 (39)

10 (50)

0

12 (43)

21 (41)

Median symptom duration, days (n)

7 (8)

3 (7)

 

7 (17)

7 (1)

  
 

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Vomiting

5 (42)

7 (88)

12 (52)

12 (60)

0 (0)

13 (46)

25 (49)

Diarrhoea

5 (42)

0 (0)

5 (22)

5 (25)

0 (0)

7 (25)

12 (24)

Headache †

3 (25)

4 (50)

8 (35)

0 (0)

1 (50)

1 (4)

9 (18)

Arthralgia

1 (8)

3 (38)

5 (22)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

5 (10)

Dyspnoea

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (50)

1 (4)

1 (2)

Loss of weight

1 (8)

0 (0)

0 (0)

5 (25)

0 (0)

5 (18)

6 (12)

Abdominal pain

1 (8)

1 (13)

2 (9)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (4)

Cough

1 (8)

0 (0)

2 (9)

8 (40)

0 (0)

8 (18)

7 (14)

Convulsions

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (10)

1 (50)

4 (14)

4 (8)

Fever>4 weeks

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (10)

0 (0)

2 (7)

2 (4)

Temperature>38.5°C

7 (58)

6 (75)

13 (57)

10 (50)

2

15 (54)

28 (55)

BP < 90 mmHg

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (4)

4 (20)

1 (50)

6 (21)

7 (14)

Heart rate >100/min

3 (25)

1 (13)

5 (22)

10 (50)

0 (0)

10 (36)

15 (29)

Respiratory rate >20/min

4 (33)

0 (0)

5 (22)

8 (40)

1 (50)

9 (32)

14 (27)

Jaundice

2 (17)

1 (13)

3 (13)

2 (10)

0 (0)

2 (7)

5 (10)

Mental confusion

4 (33)

1 (13)

5 (22)

4 (20)

1 (50)

8 (29)

13 (25)

Cachexia

1 (8)

0 (0)

1 (4)

2 (10)

0 (0)

2 (7)

3 (6)

Neck stiffness

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

7 (35)

0 (0)

7 (25)

7 (14)

Hepatomegaly

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (5)

0 (0)

1 (4)

1 (2)

Splenomegaly

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (5)

0 (0)

1 (4)

1 (2)

WBC<4 or >12 × 109/L

3 (25)

1 (13)

5 (22)

7 (35)

1 (50)

9 (32)

14 (27)

Platelets<100 × 109/L

6 (50)

5 (63)

13 (57)

6 (30)

1 (50)

8 (29)

21 (41)

Creatinine>115 μmol/L

6 (50)

2 (25)

9 (39)

11 (55)

1 (50)

13 (46)

22 (43)

Blood glucose<2.2 mmol/L

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (10)

1 (50)

3 (11)

3 (6)

HIV Stage A

0 (0)

NA

0 (0)

0 (0)

NA

0 (0)

0 (0)

HIV Stage B

2 (17)

NA

2 (9)

1 (5)

NA

1 (4)

3 (6)

HIV Stage C

7 (58)

NA

7 (30)

11 (55)

NA

11 (39)

18 (35)

MPS positive

12 (100)

8 (100)

23 (100)

5 (25)

0 (0)

5 (18)

28 (55)

Fatal outcome

1 (8)

1 (13)

2 (7)

4 (20)

0 (0)

5 (18)

7 (14)

  1. BP systolic arterial blood pressure, WBC white blood cells. *Some of the totals don't add up, as some patients with unknown HIV result were included in the total, but not in the rest of the table. † Headache was significantly associated with a "verified malaria" diagnosis (p = 0.007)