Reduction in the proportion of fevers associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Africa: a systematic review

D'Acremont, Valérie; Lengeler, Christian; Genton, Blaise

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-240

Table 1 All 39 included studies showing the Proportions of Fevers associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia (PFPf)

From: Reduction in the proportion of fevers associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Africa: a systematic review

First author	Start of the study	Country	Urban/rural area	Place of recruit-ment	Clinical inclusion criteria	Total number of patients	Overall PFPf	Age groups	*Season*	PFPf
Rooth [13]	1986	Tanzania	Rural	Primary care	History of fever	596	81%	≤ 9 years	Both seasons	81%
Rougemont [22]	1987	Niger	Rural	Primary care	Temp ≥37.5°C	285	57%	≤ 9 years	Rainy season	57%
Salako [23]	1987	Nigeria	Urban	Hospital	History of fever or elevated temp	7713	55%	< 5 years	Both seasons	61%
								5-18 years		60%
								> 18 years		41%
Ejezie [24]	1988	Nigeria	Urban	Hospital	Presumptive malaria	1188	45%	≤ 9 years	Both seasons	45%
Gaye [25]	1988	Senegal	Urban	Primary care	Temp ≥38°C	353	31%	≤ 9 years	Rainy season	28%
								10-14 years		35%
								> 14 years		33%
Olivar [26]	1989	Niger	Urban	Primary care	Temp > 38°C	576	35%	< 5 years	Rainy season	62%
									Dry season	5%
Lubanga [27]	1992	Uganda	Urban	Hospital	History of fever	435	64%	≤ 5 years	Rainy season	64%
Meremikwu [28]	1993	Nigeria	Urban	Hospital	Temp ≥37.5°C	225	63%	< 5 years	Rainy season	63%
Redd [29]	1993	Malawi	Rural	Hospital	Presumptive malaria	1124	60%	< 5 years	Rainy season	60%
Olaleye [30]	1993	the Gambia	Rural	Primary care	History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C	407	59%	≤ 9 years	Rainy season	59%
Weber [31]	1993	the Gambia	Urban	Hospital	Presumptive malaria	440	7%	< 5 years	Rainy season	17%
									Dry season	4%
Gaye [32]	1994	Senegal	Urban	Hospital	History of fever	762	31%	All ages	Rainy season	59%
									Dry season	5%
								< 5 years	Both seasons	14%
								≥ 5 years		36%
Font [14]	1995	Tanzania	Rural	Primary care	History of fever or temp > 37.5°C	641	44%	< 5 years	Rainy season	57%
								≥ 5 years		24%
Tarimo [33]	1996	Tanzania	Urban	Hospital	Presumptive malaria	400	52%	All ages	Both seasons	52%
Cooke [34]	1996	the Gambia	Rural	Hospital	History of fever or elevated temp	398	36%	All ages	Rainy season	36%
Muhe [35]	1996	Ethiopia	Rural	Primary care	History of fever or temp ≥38°C	2490	22%	< 5 years	Rainy season	30%
									Dry season	6%
Cortes [36]	1996	Mauritania	Urban	Hospital	History of fever	416	19%	All ages	Both seasons	19%
Oster [37]	1996	Tanzania	Rural	Hospital	History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C	168	14%	Adults	Rainy season	20%
									Dry season	0%
Nsimba [15]	1997	Tanzania	Rural	Primary care	Presumptive malaria	449	38%	≤ 5 years	Rainy season	38%
Akim [38]	1997	Tanzania	Rural	Primary care	History of fever	6580	43%	≤ 6 years	Both seasons	57%
								7-15 years		44%
								> 15 years		27%
Arness [39]	1998	Kenya	Rural	Primary care	Presumptive malaria	2796	29%	< 5 years	Both seasons	32%
								5-15 years		35%
								> 15 years		23%
Tarimo [40]	2000	Tanzania	Rural	Hospital	Malaria based on IMCI criteria	395	70%	≤ 5 years	Rainy season	70%
Guthmann [41]	2000	Uganda	Rural	Hospital	Presumptive malaria	742	57%	< 5 years	Rainy season	64%
								> 5 years		52%
Gouagna [42]	2000	Kenya	Rural	Primary care	Presumptive malaria	3754	47%	< 5 years	Both seasons	55%
								5-15 years		57%
								> 15 years		36%
Raharimalala [43]	2001	Madagas-car	Rural	Primary care	Presumptive malaria	149	35%	< 15 years	Rainy season	37%
								≥ 15 years		29%
Assoumou [44]	2001	Ivory Coast	Urban	Hospital	Temp ≥37.5°C	902	29%	< 5 years	Both seasons	31%
								5-15 years		27%
Othnigue [45]	2002	Chad	Urban	Primary care	Presumptive malaria	712	30%	All ages	Rainy season	35%
									Dry season	12%
								< 5 years	Both seasons	19%
								5-14 years		50%
								≥ 15 years		27%
Zurovac [46]	2002	Kenya	Rural	Primary care	Sent for malaria test by clinician in charge	261	13%	≥ 5 years	Rainy season	13%
Malik [47]	2002	Sudan	Urban	Hospital	History of fever	655	12%	< 5 years	Dry season	11%
								5-16 years		13%
Wang [48]	2002	Ivory coast	Urban	Primary care	History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C	429	35%	≤ 5 years	Rainy season	36%
								6-15 years		44%
								> 15 years		26%
Wang [49]	2002	Burkina	Urban	Primary care	History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C	560	22%	≤ 5 years	Dry season	22%
								6-15 years		37%
								> 15 years		18%
Wang [50]	2003	Tanzania	Urban	Primary care	History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C	717	5%	≤ 5 years	Dry season	5%
								6-15 years		7%
								> 15 years		4%
Wang [51]	2003	Benin	Urban	Primary care	History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C	379	2%	≤ 5 years	Dry season	4%
								6-15 years		0%
								> 15 years		1%
Yacoub [52]	2003	Zanzibar	Rural	Primary care	History of fever or temp > 37.5°C	207	77%	≤ 5 years	Rainy season	77%
Ogungbami-gbe [53]	2004	Nigeria	Urban	Hospital	Temp ≥37.5°C	646	53%	≤ 9 years	Rainy season	62%
									Dry season	28%
Kachur [54]	2004	Tanzania	Rural	Primary care	History of fever	769	31%	< 5 years	Rainy season	43%
								≥ 5 years		23%
Reyburn [16]	2005	Tanzania	Rural	Hospital	Sent for malaria test by clinician in charge	2397	15%	< 5 years	Rainy season	21%
								5-15 years		17%
								> 15 years		8%
Reyburn [55]	2005	Tanzania	Rural	Hospital	Sent for malaria test by clinician in charge	214	4%	All ages	Rainy season	4%
Mens [56]	2007	Kenya	Rural	Primary care	History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C	650	17%	≤ 12 years	Rainy season	17%

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ISSN: 1475-2875

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