Anti-folate drug resistance in Africa: meta-analysis of reported dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) mutant genotype frequencies in African Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations

Table 5 Model results for dhfr triple mutant genotype

Variable	Estimate	Std. Error	P-value
Year	0.33	0.04	< 0.01
Type
Survey	Referent	-	-
Clinical	-0.13	0.03	0.66
Age Category			0.66
Adolescents and adults	Referent	-	-
Children and adolescents	0.05	0.43	0.91
Children under 6	0.05	0.45	0.91
Mixed ages	-0.37	0.50	0.46
N/A	-0.43	0.53	0.41
Mixed Mutants			0.01
Separate	Referent	-	-
Combined	0.80	0.38	0.03
Excluded	1.11	0.40	0.01
N/A	0.21	0.32	0.50
Random Effects	Variance	Std Dev	P-value
Country	1.56	1.25	< 0.01
Study within Country	0.89	0.94	< 0.01

ISSN: 1475-2875