| Subjects, no. of any incidence (%)a | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Total | SAb | P | HDPc | P | SAPd | P | SMAe | P f |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Male | 441 | 213 (48) | .03 | 357 (81) | .33 | 192 (44) | .03 | 77 (18) | .33 |
   Female | 472 | 194 (41) |  | 370 (78) |  | 172 (36) |  | 71 (15) |  |
Sickle cell type | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   AS | 147 | 51 (35) | .01 | 112 (77) | .02 | 46 (31) | .03 | 13 (9) | .008 |
   AA | 656 | 316 (48) |  | 547 (83) |  | 280 (43) |  | 122 (17) |  |
   SS | 25 | 13 (52) |  | 17 (68) |  | 12 (48) |  | 2 (8) |  |
Anti-malarial use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 786 | 371 (47) | < .0001 | 661 (84) | < .0001 | 331 (42) | .0006 | 137 (17) | .01 |
   No | 127 | 36 (28) |  | 66 (52) |  | 33 (26) |  | 11 (9) |  |
Placental blood parasitaemia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 210 | 84 (40) | .05 | 161 (77) | .11 | 76 (36) | .09 | 35 (17) | .93 |
   No | 481 | 232 (48) |  | 394 (82) |  | 207 (43) |  | 79 (16) |  |
Maternal peripheral parasitaemia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 296 | 121 (41) | 0.1 | 230 (78) | .25 | 109 (37) | .17 | 57 (19) | .11 |
   No | 598 | 279 (47) |  | 484 (81) |  | 249 (42) |  | 90 (15) |  |
Birth weight < 2500 g or gestation age < 37 weeks | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 82 | 35 (43) | .58 | 59 (72) | .03 | 31 (38) | .54 | 15 (18) | .58 |
   No | 636 | 292 (46) |  | 522 (82) |  | 263 (41) |  | 101 (16) |  |
Low birth weight (< 2500 g) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 71 | 29 (41) | .41 | 51 (72) | .05 | 25 (35) | .31 | 13 (18) | .61 |
   No | 651 | 299 (46) |  | 532 (82) |  | 270 (41) |  | 104 (89) |  |
Pre-term birth (< 37 weeks gestation) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 29 | 11 (38) | .44 | 18 (62) | .01 | 10 (35) | .51 | 3 (10) | .37 |
   No | 846 | 382 (45) |  | 685 (81) |  | 343 (41) |  | 141 (17) |  |