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Table 2 Associations between Plasmodium falciparum genetic mutations and IC 50 values for chloroquine (CQ), piperaquine (PQ), naphthoquine (NQ), pyronaridine (PY), lumefantrine (LM), dihydroartemisinin (DHA), artesunate (AS) artemether (AM)

From: Temporal changes in Plasmodium falciparum anti-malarial drug sensitivity in vitro and resistance-associated genetic mutations in isolates from Papua New Guinea

pfcrt

Wild-type (CVMNK)

Mixed

Mutant

CQ

12 (n = 1)

30 (n = 1)

96 (79–117) (n = 39)

NQ

5.9 (n = 1)

0.6 (n = 1)

4.3 (3.9-5.9) (n = 37)

PQ

13.0 (n = 1)

11.4 (n = 1)

21.3 (16.8-27.0) (n = 39)

PY

32.5 (n = 1)

2.2 (n = 1)

7.4 (5.5-9.8) (n = 36)

LM

17.8 (n = 1)

2.0 (n = 1)

1.5 (1.0-2.0) (n = 34)

DHA

6.6 (n = 1)

3.8 (n = 1)

5.0 (3.0-6.4) (n = 40)

AS

6.6 (n = 1))

2.1 (n = 1)

5.4 (3.7-8.0) (n = 38)

AM

6.4 (n = 1)

3.3 (n = 1)

6.3 (5.0-7.8) (n = 39)

dhps

Wild-type (SAKAA)

Mixed

Mutant

CQ

84 (59–118) (n = 17)

192 (39–944) (n = 3)

72 (41–124) (n = 8)

NQ

4.6 (2.4-8.8) (n = 16)

7.2 (3.1-16.4) (n = 3)

3.4 (1.7-6.8) (n = 8)

PQ

18.6 (12.4-27.9) (n = 17)

31.9 (19.7-51.7) (n = 3)

17.8 (9.2-34.2) (n = 8)

PY

8.0 (4.7-13.6) (n = 17)

9.0 (3.1-26.3) (n = 3)

7.3 (2.8-18.9) (n = 7)

LM

2.1 (1.0-4.4) (n = 16)

1.5 (1.5-1.6) (n = 3)

1.3 (0.9-2.0) (n = 6)

DHA

4.5 (3.0-6.7) (n = 17)

7.6 (0.8-72.6) (n = 3)

7.0 (3.2-15.1) (n = 8)

AS

6.2 (4.2-9.2) (n = 17)

8.0 (5.6-11.5) (n = 3)

6.9 (2.8-16.9) (n = 8)

AM

6.2 (4.2-9.2) (n = 17)

6.9 (4.7 -10.2) (n = 3)

5.7 (3.4-9.4) (n = 8)

dhfr

Wild-type (NCSI)

Mixed #

Mutant

CQ

-

161 (22–1195) (n = 3)

89 (71–112) (n = 33)

NQ

-

4.7 (2.0-10.1) (n = 3)

4.1 (2.8-5.9) (n = 32)

PQ

-

17.39 (2.7-113.3) (n = 3)

20.5 (15.9-26.5) (n = 34)

PY

-

3.9 (0.6-27.4) (n = 3)

7.7 (5.5-10.7) (n = 32)

LM

-

1.2 (0.5-2.7) (n = 3)

1.6 (1.0-2.4) (n = 30)

DHA

-

8.0 (0.8-72.3) (n = 3)

4.9 (3.7-6.5) (n = 34)

AS

-

7.4 (4.1-13.4) (n = 3)

5.7 (3.8-8.5) (n = 33)

AM

-

7.5 (2.2-26) (n = 3)

6.2 (4.8-7.9) (n = 34)

pfmdr1

Wild-type (NYSND)

Mixed

Mutant

CQ

-

39 (12–125) (n = 3)

96 (77–122) (n = 33)*

NQ

-

1.5 (1.5-1.5) (n = 2)

4.4 (3.1-6.2) (n = 32)

PQ

-

11.5 (6.6-20.1) (n = 3)

20.9 (16.2-27.1) (n = 34)

PY

-

2.2 (0.0-217.1) (n = 2)

7.8 (5.7-10.9) (n = 32)

LM

-

0.8 (0.2-2.8) (n = 3)

1.7 (1.1-2.5) (n = 30)

DHA

-

4.7 (2.9-7.6) (n = 3)

5.1 (3.8-6.8) (n = 34)

AS

-

3.8 (0.5-30.6) (n = 3)

5.8 (3.9-8.7) (n = 33)

AM

-

5.9 (2.5-13.6) (n = 3)

6.4 (5.0-8.2) (n = 34)

  1. Values are given as geometric mean (95% confidence interval [where applicable]) with (number of paired observations).
  2. *P < 0.05 by Mann–Whitney U test; #‘Mixed’ corresponds to a mix of NRNI and NRTI, since no wild types were found.