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Table 2 Associations between measures of urbanicity and parasite prevalence stratified by study site

From: Associations between urbanicity and malaria at local scales in Uganda

Urbanicity metric

Exposure categories

Walukuba

Kihihi

Nagongera

PPa (total blood smears)

ORb (95 % CI)

P

PP (total blood smears)

ORb (95 % CI)

P

PP (total blood smears)

ORb (95 % CI)

P

Household densityc

≤80

7.9 % (406)

0.83 (0.33–2.11)

0.70

8.4 % (3151)

0.15 (0.07–0.34)

<0.001

22.5 % (3231)

N/A

 

>80

5.8 % (2207)

1.3 % (225)

None

NDVId

>0.45

7.3 % (854)

0.67 (0.33–1.34)

0.26

8.3 % (2563)

0.76 (0.34–1.67)

0.49

23.4 % (2247)

0.87 (0.63–1.20)

0.40

≤0.45

5.5 % (1759)

6.5 % (813)

20.4 (984)

Night-time lights

≤3

6.8 % (1799)

0.72 (0.34–1.51)

0.38

7.9 % (3376)

N/A

 

22.5 % (3231)

N/A

 

>3

4.6 % (814)

None

None

Land cover

≤20 %

6.8 % (1496)

0.84 (0.41–1.71)

0.63

Not measured

  

Not measured

  

>20 %

5.2 % (1117)

Composite scoree

Low

7.3 % (1808)

0.44 (0.20–0.97)

0.04

8.4 % (3151)

0.15 (0.07–0.34)

<0.001

22.5 % (3231)

N/A

 

High

3.4 % (805)

1.3 % (225)

None

  1. aParasite prevalence: proportion of blood smears positive for asexual parasites
  2. bOdds ratio adjusted for age at the time of the blood smear and repeated measures in the same household
  3. cNumber of households within 100 m radius from participating household
  4. dNormalized Difference Vegetation Index
  5. e1 point for each individual urbanicity metric: Walukuba (low = 0–2, high = 3–4), Kihihi and Nagongera (low = 0–1, high = 2)