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Table 4 Predictors of malaria infection diagnosed by PCR among pregnant women of Nchelenge district in Zambia

From: High burden of malaria infection in pregnant women in a rural district of Zambia: a cross-sectional study

Potential risk factor category

Number in each category

%

Unadjusted OR

P value

Adjusted OR for multivariate analysis

P value

Adjusted OR for final model

P value

Total

1074

100

1074

 

1068

<0.001

1072

<0.001

Recruitment site

   

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

 Kashikishi

737

68.6

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Nchelenge

337

31.4

1.80 (1.37–2.35)

1.89 (1.43–2.50)

1.81 (1.38–2.37)

Age group

   

<0.001

 

0.145

  

 ≤20

295

27.5

1.00

1.00

  

 21–25

304

28.3

0.51 (0.37–0.72)

0.63 (0.41–0.98)

  

 26–30

244

22.7

0.51 (0.36–0.73)

0.67 (0.41–1.20)

  

 ≥30

231

21.5

0.45 (0.32–0.64)

0.57 (0.34 –0.95)

  

Marital status

   

0.043

 

0.412

  

 Single

201

18.7

1.00

1.00

  

 Marrieda

873

81.3

0.72 (0.52–0.99)

1.18 (0.78–1.80)

  

Gravidity

   

<0.001

 

<0.069

  

 Primigravidae

259

24.1

1.00

1.00

  

 Secundigravidae

165

15.4

0.74 (0.48–1.11)

0.80 (0.48–1.33)

  

 Multigravidae

650

60.5

0.50 (0.37–0.68)

0.58 (0.35–0.95)

  

Bed-net ownership

   

0.015

 

0.640

  

 No

547

50.9

1.00

1.00

  

 Yes

527

49.1

0.74 (0.58–0.94)

1.13 (0.72–1.73)

  

Bed-net usage (1071)

   

0.006

 

0.213

  

 No

659

61.5

1.00

1.00

  

 Yes

412

38.5

0.75 (0.48–0.91)

0.74 (0.48–1.18)

  

IRS in past 12 months (1025)b

   

0.257

    

 No

800

78.1

1.00

   

 Yes

225

21.9

1.19 (0.88–1.61)

   

Wealth quintiles (1072)

   

0.072

 

0.027*

  

 Lowest

216

20.1

1.00

1.00

  

 Second

219

20.4

0.80 (0.54–1.17)

0.73 (0.50–1.09)

  

 Middle

209

19.5

0.91 (0.61–1.34)

0.76 (0.51–1.15)

  

 Fourth

214

20.0

1.08 (0.73–1.60)

0.90 (0.59–1.38)

  

 Highest

214

20.0

0.64 (0.44–0.95)

0.52 (0.35–0.80)

  

HIV infection

   

0.057

 

0.025

 

0.045

 Negative

936

87.1

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Positive

138

12.9

1.30 (0.91–1.88)

1.62 (1.09–2.39)

1.46 (1.00–2.13)

  1. Totals of individual variables less than 1074 (available results for malaria diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction) are indicated in the first column. These were due to missing values in individual variables
  2. IRS Indoor residual spraying, HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  3. aThe group included women who had been married before (divorced/separated or widowed)
  4. bTotal number was 1025 due to the exclusion of the ‘unknown’ response. Some women did not know if IRS had been applied to their houses due to occupying them in less than 12 months
  5. * When wealth quintile was put in the model with HIV and site of recruitment it was not significantly associated with malaria infection at P < 0.05 and was therefore excluded from the final model. There was no interaction between HIV infection and site of recruitment in the final model (P = 0.751)