Identification | Country | Age group/follow-up time | Plasmodium species | Sample size | Exposure | Outcome | Effect measure/statistic and CI | Result | Covariates tested or adjusted |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rowland et al. [40] | Gambia | 6 months to 3 years (Follow-up of 1 year) | P. falciparum | Regression | None | ||||
152 | Incidence | Increment on weight | 1.072 (268) (p = <0.001) | Risk | |||||
152 | Incidence | Increment on weight | 7.0 (6.0) (NS) | No association | |||||
Williams et al. [30] | Vanuatu | <10 years | P. falciparum/vivax | Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | IRR (Incidence rate ratio) | None | |||
911 | Incidence (P. falciparum) | W/H | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
911 | Incidence (P. falciparum) | W/A | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | No association | |||||
911 | Incidence (P. vivax) | W/H | 2.2 (1–4.9) | Risk | |||||
911 | Incidence (P. vivax) | W/A | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | No association | |||||
Hautvast et al. [41] | Zambia | 6 months to 3 years and 4 months (Follow-up of 1 year and 9 months) | P. falciparum (94 %)/Mixed malaria(19 %) | Parasite density (mean with SD) | Z-score (mean with SD) | r (Pearson’s) | Age, gender, socioeconomic status, maternal height, haemoglobin, albumin, zinc, retinol, thyrotropin, iron, ferritin, parasite density, C-reative protein, alfa-acid glycoprotein | ||
108 | Cohort 1 Parasite density on period 1 (age range of 6–9 months) vs Z-score on period 2 (age range of 14–20 months) | H/A | −0.30 (p = 0.005) | Risk | |||||
102 | Cohort 2 Parasite density on period 2 (age range of 14–20 months) vs Z-score on period 3 (age range of 22–30 months) | H/A | −0.28 (p = 0.03) | Risk | |||||
Deen et al. [33] | Gambia | <5 years (Follow-up of 20 weeks) | P. falciparum | Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | “t” Test | Age, gender, ethnicity | |||
392 | Incidence | H/A | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
392 | Incidence | W/H | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
392 | Incidence | W/A | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
Friedman et al. [42] | Kenia | 12 to 35 years | P. falciparum | Parasite density (mean with SD) | Z-score (mean with SD) (CDC/NCHS, 2000) | B (Pearson’s) | Age, parasite density, peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of TNF-alfa in response to mitogen or malarial antigens | ||
147 | Whole cohort Parasite density in the previous transmission period vs Z-score and Kg/m2 | BMI/Age | −0.201 (p = 0.11) | No association | |||||
83 | Tanner stage <3 (prepubescent) Parasite density in the previous transmission period vs Z-score | Kg/m2 BMI (mean with SD) <17 kg/m2 (≥20 years) | −0.324 (p = 0.02) | Risk | |||||
83 | Tanner stage ≥3 (adult) Parasite density in the previous transmission period vs Kg/m2 | BMI (mean with SD) <17 kg/m2 (≥20 years) | 0.16 (p = 0.51) | No association | |||||
Nyakeriga et al. [36] | Kenia | 28 to 60 months (Follow-up of 1 year and 5 months) | P. falciparum | Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | RR | Risk | Age, ethnicity, season, haemoglobin genotype | ||
340 | Incidence | H/A | 1.89 (1.01–3.53) | Risk | |||||
340 | Incidence | W/A | 1.33 (0.64–2.70) | No association | |||||
Sowumi et al. [43] | Nigeria | <13 years (Follow-up of 14 days) | P. falciparum | Fall in weight | OR | Age, gender, fever, duration of illness, parasitaemia, haematocrit, liver and spleen enlargement | |||
432 | Parasite density(≥100,000/µl parasites) | ≤5 % from admission to d14 | 1.21 (0.72–2.01) | No association | |||||
Danquah et al. [37] | Ghana | 3 months to 2 years (Follow-up of 1 year and 9 months) | P. falciparum | Z-score (≤−2) (WHO, 2006) | GEE (General estimating equation) | Season, food availability | |||
1200 | Incidence | H/A or L/A | −0.18 (p = 0.01) | Risk | |||||
1200 | Incidence | W/H | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
1200 | Incidence | W/A | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
Kang et al. [44] | Ghana | 3 months to 2 years (Follow-up of 1 year and 9 months) | P. falciparum | Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006) | RR | Gender, birth weight, birth season, ethnicity group, alpha-thalassaemia, village of birth, mother’s occupation, mother’s education, family’s financial status, mosquito protection, sickle cell trait | |||
884 | Incidence | H/A or L/A | 0.32 (0.09–1) | No association | |||||
Olney et al. [45] | Zanzibar | <13 years (Follow-up of 6 months) | P. falciparum | Z-score (mean with SD) (WHO, 2006) | Regression | None | |||
247 | Incidence 5–9 months | H/A | 0.008 (NS) | No association | |||||
247 | Incidence 10–14 months | H/A | −0.063 (NS) | No association | |||||
Muhangi et al. [46] | Uganda | Birth to 1 year (Follow-up of 1 year) | P. falciparum | Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006) | OR | Gender, number of living children in the family, early weaning, maternal age, maternal education, socio-economic status, low birth weight, HIV exposure | |||
1502 | Incidence | L/A | 2.12 (1.38-3.27) | Risk | |||||
1502 | Incidence | W/L | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
1502 | Incidence | W/A | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
Padonou et al. [47] | Benin | Birth to 18 months (Follow-up of 18 months) | P. falciparum | Z-score (WHO, 2006) | Coefficient | Birth place, mother’s age, maternal short stature and low weight status, parity, number of pre-natal visits, marital status, mother’s education, bed net protection, household wealth score, birth weight and length, gender, gestational age, prematurity, intra-uterine growth retardation, maternal anemia, placental malaria infection, use of intermittent preventive treatment | |||
520 | Incidence | H/A | −0.03(0.02) (p = 0.15) | No association | |||||
520 | Incidence | W/H | −0.01 (0.02) (p = 0.74) | No association | |||||
Alexandre et al. [39] | Brazil | 1 month to 14 years (Follow-up of 12 months) | P. vivax (72.6 %)/P. falciparum (22.5 %)/Mixed malaria P.vivax + P. falciparum (4.9 %) | Cm/year (WHO, 2006; WHO, 2007) | OR | Age, gender, maternal education, socioeconomic status | |||
39 | Incidence | ≤5 years Increment on height | 1.1 (0.2–6.4) | No association | |||||
108 | Incidence | 5–10 years Increment on height | 4.0 (1.4–11.4) | Risk | |||||
55 | Incidence | 10–14 years Increment on height | 1.1 (0.2–4.8) | No association | |||||
39 | Incidence | Z-score (<−2) ≤5 years H/A | 6.9 (0.3–161.6) | No association | |||||
Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006; WHO, 2007) 5–10 years | |||||||||
108 | Incidence | H/A | 0.9 (0.3–3.1) | No association | |||||
108 | Incidence | W/A | 5.1 (0.5–45.9) | No association | |||||
108 | Incidence | BMI/A | 4.2 (0.4–39.1) | No association | |||||
Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006; WHO, 2007) 10–14 years | |||||||||
55 | Incidence | H/A | 0.4 (0.1–2.2) | No association | |||||
55 | Incidence | BMI/A | 1.0 (0.1–17.0) | No association |