Estimating malaria parasite prevalence from community surveys in Uganda: a comparison of microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction

Table 4 Relationship between age and year with estimates of parasite prevalence using different diagnostic modalities

Study site	Covariate		N	Microscopy			RDT			PCR
Study site	Covariate		N	PP^a	PR^b (95 % CI)	p-value	PP^a	PR^b (95 % CI)	p-value	PP^a	PR^b (95 % CI)	p-value
Walukuba	Age categories	<5 years	284	6.3 %	Reference		22.9 %	Reference		9.9 %	Reference
		5–15 years	364	18.1 %	2.86 (1.74–4.70)	<0.001	30.5 %	1.36 (1.05–1.76)	0.02	30.5 %	3.09 (2.10–4.54)	<0.001
		>15 years	516	7.8 %	1.23 (0.72–2.10)	0.45	25.4 %	1.12 (0.87–1.44)	0.39	18.0 %	1.83 (1.23–2.72)	0.003
	Year	2012	629	11.4 %	Reference		19.7 %	Reference		20.5 %	Reference
	Year	2013	535	9.7 %	0.90 (0.65–1.26)	0.54	34.2 %	1.75 (1.44–2.13)	<0.001	19.3 %	0.97 (0.77–1.22)	0.80
Kihihi	Age categories	<5 years	345	8.4 %	Reference		34.5 %	Reference		18.0 %	Reference
		5–15 years	558	17.9 %	2.15 (1.45–3.18)	<0.001	41.6 %	1.16 (0.98–1.37)	0.09	34.2 %	1.91 (1.48–2.45)	<0.001
		>15 years	642	4.7 %	0.56 (0.34–0.92)	0.02	21.5 %	0.62 (0.51–0.76)	<0.001	15.9 %	0.88 (0.66–1.18)	0.40
	Year	2012	787	11.7 %	Reference		22.6 %	Reference		22.7 %	Reference
	Year	2013	758	8.8 %	0.76 (0.56–1.01)	0.06	41.0 %	1.76 (1.51–2.05)	<0.001	23.2 %	0.99 (0.83–1.19)	0.93
Nagongera	Age categories	<5 years	353	46.4 %	Reference		75.1 %	Reference		63.2 %	Reference
		5–15 years	752	58.1 %	1.25 (1.10–1.42)	0.001	77.3 %	1.03 (0.97–1.11)	0.33	80.2 %	1.27 (1.17–1.39)	<0.001
		>15 years	619	21.2 %	0.46 (0.38–0.55)	<0.001	35.2 %	0.47 (0.42–0.54)	<0.001	45.7 %	0.73 (0.65–0.82)	<0.001
	Year	2012	804	43.7 %	Reference		55.2 %	Reference		60.3 %	Reference
	Year	2013	920	41.4 %	0.92 (0.84–1.02)	0.13	67.4 %	1.18 (1.11–1.26)	<0.001	67.8 %	1.10 (1.03–1.17)	0.003

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