From: Malaria illness mediated by anaemia lessens cognitive development in younger Ugandan children
Characteristic | Perinatally HIV unexposed and uninfected (HUU) NĀ =Ā 325 at 2Ā years NĀ =Ā 331 at 3Ā years | Perinatally HIV exposed and uninfected (HEU) NĀ =Ā 143 at 2Ā years NĀ =Ā 122 at 3Ā years |
---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Age at first MSEL neurodevelopmental assessment (years) | 2.20 (0.16) | 2.17 (0.16) |
Age at second MSEL neurodevelopmental assessment (years) | 3.02 (0.06) | 3.05 (0.14) |
Weight-for-age z-score at first assessmenta | ā0.10 (1.09)* | ā0.38 (1.03) |
Weight-for-age z-score at second assessmenta | ā1.25 (1.05) | ā1.24 (0.98) |
Days of observation prior to randomization | 22.13 (15.51) | 204.39 (107.27) |
Days breastfeeding before 2Ā years of age | 634.48 (95.79)*** | 284.82 (106.76) |
Days breastfeeding between 2 and 3Ā years of age | 12.92 (31.42)*** | 0 (0) |
Number of malaria episodes before 2Ā years of age | 7.38 (4.95) | 4.27 (4.21)*** |
Number of malaria episodes between 2 and 3Ā years | 7.93 (3.93) | 6.27 (4.19)* |
Number of anaemia episodes (HbĀ <Ā 10Ā gm/dL) before 2Ā years | 7.10 (5.37) | 5.56 (4.97)* |
Number of anaemia episodes (HbĀ <Ā 10Ā gm/dL) between 2 and 3Ā years | 0.56 (0.76) | 0.70 (0.80) |
MSEL gross motor (raw score) at 2Ā years | 23.5 (3.28) | 23.4 (3.16) |
MSEL gross motor (raw score) at 3Ā years | 27.5 (3.14) | 27.3 (3.13) |
MSEL visual reception (T score) at 2Ā years | 35.0 (9.22) | 34.0 (9.65) |
MSEL visual reception (T score) at 3Ā years | 31.8 (10.06) | 29.6 (10.52) |
MSEL fine motor (T score) at 2Ā years | 33.8 (9.24) | 33.5 (9.38) |
MSEL fine motor (T score) at 3Ā years | 36.5 (7.85) | 34.9 (8.68) |
MSEL receptive language (T score) at 2Ā years | 41.4 (10.4) | 40.9 (10.38) |
MSEL receptive language (T score) at 3Ā years | 42.0 (7.71)** | 39.4 (8.45) |
MSEL expressive language (T score) at 2Ā years | 36.1 (7.91)* | 34.5 (7.57) |
MSEL expressive language (T score) at 3Ā years | 37.4 (10.77) | 37.3 (11.43) |
MSEL composite cognitive total (standard score) at 2Ā years | 75.0 (12.04) | 73.6 (12.15) |
MSEL composite cognitive total (standard score) at 3Ā years | 75.6 (11.94)** | 72.0 (10.14) |
Sex | N (%) | N (%) |
Male | 174 (53) | 63 (52) |
Female | 152 (47) | 59 (48) |
Treatment arm from 6Ā months to 3Ā years of age | N (%) | N (%) |
No chemoprevention (placebo) | 85 (25) | 33 (27) |
Monthly sulfadoxineāpyrimethamine (SP) | 85 (26) | 26 (21) |
Daily trimethoprimāsulfamethoxazole (TS) | 80 (24) | 29 (24) |
Monthly dihydroartemisinināpiperaquine (DP) | 81 (25) | 34 (28) |