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Table 2 Kinetic changes of biomarkers from day-0 to day-28

From: Plasma levels of Galectin-9 reflect disease severity in malaria infection

Biomarkers

Day-0 (median)

Day-7 (median)

Day-28 (median)

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

 IFN-α2

19.95 (2.980–173.9)a, ****

11.92 (2.980–79.51)b ns

8.87 (2.980–70.26)c, ****

 IL-1α

25.32 (2.77–69.02)a, **

10.28 (2.44–103.4)b ns

9.63 (2.44–124.9)c, **

 TNF

36.54 (3.91–185.5)****

10.72 (3.83–74.45)b ns

9.035 (3.89–74.45)c, ****

 IL-6

55.11 (4.240–1814)a ns

7.57 (4.74–77.81)b ns

11.51 (4.74–77.81)c, **

Th1-related cytokines

 IFN-γ

28.6 (3.44–616)a, ****

10.3 (3.14–185.2)b ns

9.2 (3.44–150)c, ****

Regulatory cytokines

 IL-10

549 (7.94–2321)a, ****

72.66 (3.12–281.9)b, *

20.54 (3.390–2576)c, ****

 IL-1Ra

109.8 (20.47–1897)a, ****

31.85 (5.47–1358)b ns

19.64 (3.68–595.4)c, ****

 sCD40L

851 (70.01–18,117)a, ****

24,316 (96.21–297,336)b ns

1762 (54.78–200,426)c, ****

Growth cytokines

 G-CSF

65.85 (6.66–182)a, ****

20.1 (5.38–197)b ns

18.98 (3.93–132.9)c, ****

 GM-CSF

15.23 (4.420–180)a, *

8.9 (3.810–95)b ns

6.54 (3.090–85.38)c, ****

 EGF

13.72 (4.060–56.37)a, *

23.6 (4.060–482.4) 8b ns

42.17 (6.4–344)c, ****

 FGF-2

37.05 (13.04–507)a ns

35.51 (8.12–289.2)b, **

27.29 (4.59–171.8)c, ****

 VEGF

104.1 (23.5–2204)a ns

99.74 (2.24–1754)b ns

77.51 (18.07–3426)c ns

 TGF-α

4.69 (0.63–21.95)a, *

4.02 (0.29–34.2)b ns

3.18 (0.44–10.49)c, *

Chemokines

 IP-10

3036 (155–8700)a, ****

671.8 (28.54–1354)b, * ns

449 (110.2–6002)c, ****

 MIP-1α

25.11 (3.750–85.07)a ns

12.11 (3.780–216)b ns

9.675 (3.47–144.7)c ns

 MIP-1β

50.8 (13.23–199.8)a, ****

24.78 (4.950–172.5)b ns

25.42 (4.26–187.2)c, ****

 MCP-1

591.1 (40.67–9148)a, ****

228.2 (50.68–462.7)b, ***

323.9 (52.06–1049)c, *

 IL-8

35.15 (3.49–227.8)a, *

19.82 (4.05–604)b ns

10.46 (3.65–564)c, *

 Eotaxin

161.3 (21.35–1840)a ns

109.4 (6.54–264.5)b ns

122 (27.25–327)c ns

 GRO

684.6 (184.5–1701)a ns

806.3 (288.8–2962)b ns

799.3 (238.8–1902)c ns

 Fractalkine

77.84 (12.51–546.4)a, ****

25.36 (5.97–533.2)b ns

25.79 (2–340)c, ****

 MDC

284.2 (29.29–1049)a ns

317.8 (64.74–1595)b, ****

502.4 (75.40–801.5)c, ****

  1. Results are shown in median levels with range
  2. Friedman test was used to assess differences between days
  3. **** P < 0.0001, *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, and * P < 0.05
  4. aDay 0 vs day 7
  5. bDay 7 vs day 28
  6. cDay 0 vs day 28