Fig. 1

Inflammatory cytokine plasma levels. Comparative analysis of IL-6 (a), IL-17 (b), IL-12p40 (c), TNF (d) and IFN-γ production among malaria-naïve control group (n = 15), endemic control group (n = 10), P. vivax group (n = 75) and P. vivax-treated group (n = 10) were performed using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn Post-hoc. The dotted lines (—) represent the detection limit of the assay. IL-6 levels in acute-phase and convalescence period from P. vivax-infected patients (e) was compared between P. vivax group (n = 10) and P. vivax-treated group using Paired t-test or Wilcoxon test, according to data distribution. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001