Table 1 Historical record of malaria burden and interventions in Hekou County, Hehong (Red River) Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China from 1901 to 2015
Year | Reporters | Description of malaria burden and interventions | Data resources |
|---|---|---|---|
1901 to 1907 | Sheng Zuyan | French Indo-China Railway Construction Co started railway construction in Yunnan in 2001. Sheng, an officer from Chinese Qing Dynasty Government reported in 1907 “Based on inspection to construction of the railway line, at least 60,000–70,000 workers died of malaria, hungry and violence” | The report to Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty |
1910 | French Indo-China Railway Construction Co | During construction of Yunnan railway, 12,000 deaths, 80 of those fatalities French | Manual of Yunnan Railway Line |
1910 | Archives of Yunnan Province | From 2004 to 2010, about 300,000 workers were recruited from Yunnan, Guangdong and Sichuan Province to build Yunnan–Vietnam Railway, 60,000–70,000 deaths, most due to malaria | Beginning and ending of Yunnan–Vietnam Railway |
1917 | Hekou Anti-epidemic Station | A puppet show team had 24 actors and actress, 23 fatalities due to malaria | Archives of Hekou County |
1940 | Hekou Anti-epidemic Station. Yang et al. | A malaria outbreak in Hekou Town with a population of 3000: about 20 people died each day, total 851 deaths in 1940. There were 120 soldiers of Kuomintang Army and 13 soldiers survived. In 1940, a cross-sectional survey conducted by Dr. Zheng Zuyou documented 18.18% parasite prevalence and 47.30% enlarged spleen rate | Archives of Hekou County. Yunnan Malaria |
1944 | Hekou Anti-epidemic Station | In 1944, a team of Kuomintang Army settled in Hekou County, one half of them died associated with malaria | Archives of Hekou County |
1949 | Hekou Anti-epidemic Station | 496 of 614 inhabitants from 123 families died in four villages (Yaoshan Feihui, Mali, Shibanzhai, Dazhai), none survived in 19 households in a malaria outbreak | Archives of Hekou County |
1952 | Hekou Anti-epidemic Station | Establishment of malaria control system, initiation of control interventions | Archives of Hekou County |
1953 | 3rd Military Malaria Control Team of Yunnan Province | 6591 malaria cases reported, AMI 358.62 per 1000 person-years, 89.32% of these cases were P. falciparum | Archives of Hekou County |
1963 | Hekou County Anti-epidemic Station | Hekou Anti-epidemic Station was established for malaria control. 288 malaria cases reported, AMI reduced to 8.02 per 1000 person-years | Archives of Hekou County |
1969 | Hekou County Anti-epidemic Station | County Anti-epidemic Station combined into County Hospital. No malaria case could be reported because of Great Cultural Revolution Campaign | Archives of Hekou County |
1987 | Hekou County Anti-epidemic Station | A malaria epidemic in June 1987, 2331 malaria cases, AMI 34.41 per 1000 person-years and 5 deaths. Outpatients of Xinjie Township Hospital treated 1531 malaria cases and malaria accounted for 32.81% hospitalization patients from June to December. A cross-sectional study documented 43.17% (180/417) of slide positivity rate, 87.78% (158/180) of P. vivax, 11.67% (21/180) of P. falciparum, 0.56% (1/180) of mixed infection among febrile patients, and 10.03% (258/2570) parasite prevalence among residents. Entomological investigation collected 539 anopheline mosquitoes, including 244 (45.3%) An. minimus (local primary vector), man-biting rate was 81.3 mosquitoes per person-night | Archives of Hekou CDC |
1988 | Hekou County Anti-epidemic Station | Intensive efforts were undertaken to control the outbreaks in 1987. MDA to 10,227 inhabitants for radical cures from January to March (dry and low transmission season). Chemoprophylaxis delivered to 22,091 local residents and 2085 migrants from June to November (wet and high transmission season). 726,868 m2 of indoor wall surfaces sprayed with DDT and 6262 bed nets treated with deltamethrin. Malaria cases reduced to 1018 and no fatality. AMI reduced to 14.78 per 1000 person-years | Archives of Hekou CDC |
1995 to 2002 | Hekou County Anti-epidemic Station | As a result of the epidemic, Hehong Prefecture top AMI among 17 prefectures in Yunnan Province. Government gave special attention to malaria and invested funding for anti-malarial drugs and insecticides. By 2002, number of malaria patients reduced to 75 cases and AMI to 0.98 per 1000 person-years | Archives of Hekou CDC |
Jan 2003 to Jun 2010 | Hekou County CDC | From 2003 to 2008, under support of the first round of GFATM for malaria, 19,607 febrile cases diagnosed by microscopy, 427 malaria cases confirmed and treated with anti-malarial drugs, 4963 courses of presumptive treatments delivered to suspected malaria patients, 1313 courses of radical cure treatments (RCT) to people with malaria attack history last year, 4414 courses of RCT to hyperendemic communities, 13,619 courses of preventive treatments to people at high risk, IRS conducted for 52,635 households in 1316 villages and 8466 bed nets impregnated with insecticide From 2007 to June 2010, under support of the fifth round of GFATM for malaria, 23,688 febrile cases were diagnosed by microscopy, 91 malaria cases confirmed and treated, 7278 courses of presumptive treatments given to suspected malaria patients, 1523 courses of RCT to people with malaria attack history last year, 4529 courses of RCT to hyperendemic communities, 4003 courses of preventive treatments to people at high risk, IRS conducted for 14,784 households in 464 villages and 10,886 bed nets impregnated with insecticide. 16 malaria cases were detected by 2008 | Archives of Hekou County CDC |
Jul 2010 to Dec 2015 | Hekou County CDC | Efforts were taken in surveillance, focus investigation and rapid response since malaria elimination action launched on 1 July, 2010. 10 microscopy stations were strengthened, 13,943 and 2309 febrile cases were test by microscopy and RDT respectively, the foci of 4 confirmed malaria (2 P. vivax and 1 P. falciparum) and 780 suspected malaria cases investigated, and active detections conducted in 85 originally hyperendemic villages. Health education and social mobilization promote treatment-seeking and use of preventive measures. Mechanism of collaboration and information exchange established between Hekou County of China and Lao Cai Province of Vietnam. 300 suspected Vietnamese malaria cases tested by microscopy and one P. vivax cases detected treated. Meanwhile, a cross-sectional study tested 400 Vietnamese inhabitants for malaria. Vector mosquitoes were investigated in 2 Vietnamese villages. The last local infection was vivax malaria detected from a 76 years old man on 22 June, 2011. From then on, there was no indigenous case. Yunnan Province certified Hekou County malaria free in November, 2015 | Archives of Hekou County CDC |