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Table 4 Epidemiological characteristics of 422 transfusion-transmitted malaria cases reported in the American continent

From: Alternative transmission routes in the malaria elimination era: an overview of transfusion-transmitted malaria in the Americas

Characteristics

Number of cases

Proportion (%)

Country (n = 422; completeness = 100.0%)

 Mexico

214

50.7

 USA

170

40.3

 Brazil

28

6.6

 Canada

4

0.9

 Venezuela

3

0.7

 Peru

2

0.5

 Colombia

1

0.3

Gender (n = 355; completeness = 84.1%)

 Female

220

62.0

 Male

135

38.0

Age groups (years) (n = 43; completeness = 10.2%)

 ≤5

2

4.7

 6–15

2

4.7

 16–30

8

18.6

 31–45

4

9.3

 46–60

10

23.2

 ≥61

17

39.5

Transfusion indication (n = 165; completeness = 39.1%)

 Gyneco-obstetrical conditions

111

67.3

 Surgical procedures

34

20.6

 Complications from neoplasias

10

6.1

 Haemoglobinopathies

2

1.2

 Nephropathy-associated anaemia

2

1.2

 Other causes of anaemia

6

4.4

Blood product associated with TTM (n = 150; completeness = 35.5%)

 Packed RBCs

76

50.7

 Whole blood

65

43.3

 Platelets

9

6.0

Plasmodium species (n = 392; completeness = 92.9%)

 Plasmodium malariae

229

58.4

 Plasmodium vivax

81

20.7

 Plasmodium falciparum

70

17.9

 Plasmodium ovale

11

2.8

 Mixed P. falciparum–P. vivax

1

0.2

Method(s) employed for malaria diagnosis (n = 314; completeness = 74.4%)

 Microscopy

209

66.6

 Microscopy plus IIF

96

30.6

 Microscopy plus PCR

5

1.6

 Microscopy plus bone marrow aspirate examination

2

0.6

 Microscopy plus PCR plus IIF

1

0.3

 PCR

1

0.3

Incubation period (in weeks) (n = 42; completeness = 10.0%)

 ≤2

3

7.1

 2–3

12

28.6

 3–4

6

14.3

 4–5

8

19.0

 5–6

1

2.4

 6–7

2

4.8

 7–8

7

16.7

 >8

3

7.1

  1. RBCs red blood cells, IIF indirect immunofluorescence, PCR polymerase chain reaction