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Table 4 Fixed effects of univariate and multivariate multilevel logistic regression models of P. vivax and P. falciparum infections

From: High prevalence of very-low Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia carriers in the Peruvian Amazon: insights into local and occupational mobility-related transmission

 

P. vivax

P. falciparum

Univariate

Multivariate

Univariate

Multivariate

OR

95% CI

p value

AOR

95% CI

p value

OR

95% CI

p value

AOR

95% CI

p value

Null model

     

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Constant

0.33

(0.24–0.44)

< 0.001

0.13

(0.07–0.26)

 

0.07

(0.02:0.18)

 

0.01

(0.00:0.04)

 

Study area (Ref = Cahuide)

 Lupuna

0.66

(0.40:1.11)

0.121

   

0.55

(0.21:1.44)

0.223

   

Sex (Ref = Male)

 Female

0.75

(0.47:1.21)

0.239

   

1.75

(0.68:4.50)

0.242

   

Age groups (Ref = < 10 years)

 10–29.9

1.81

(0.95:3.46)

0.070

1.73

(0.89:3.35)

0.103

4.47

(0.90:22.17)

0.067

10.72

(1.26:91.13)

0.030*

 > = 30

3.74

(1.88: 7.43)

< 0.001*

3.31

(1.60:6.85)

0.001*

9.71

(1.83:51.52)

0.008*

16.32

(1.93:138.22)

0.010*

Education (Ref = None)

 Primary school

2.26

(1.00:5.11)

0.050*

   

4.20

(0.53:33.22)

0.174

   

 Secondary school or higher

2.22

(0.91:5.40)

0.077

   

3.65

(0.43:30.78)

0.234

   

Occupation (Ref = Not a Logger, Charcoal worker or Farmer)

 Yes

1.70

(0.77: 3.75)

0.189

   

1.35

(0.43:4.24)

0.609

   

Time in community (Ref = > 2 years)

 ≤ 2

1.86

(0.97:3.55)

0.061

2.07

(1.03: 4.16)

0.042*

2.30

(0.79:6.74)

0.128

2.75

(0.88:8.59)

0.082

Mammal-livestock (Ref = No)

 Yes

0.83

(0.51:1.36)

0.459

   

0.88

(0.36:2.13)

0.776

   

Avian-livestock (Ref = No)

 Yes

0.91

(0.53:1.54)

0.722

   

0.91

(0.36:2.33)

0.847

   

Impregnated bed nets (Ref = No)

 Yes

0.60

(0.35:1.01)

0.054

   

0.82

(0.30:2.19)

0.689

   

Fevera (Ref = No)

 Yes

2.90

(0.80:10.56)

0.105

   

4.01

(0.69:23.20)

0.120

5.96

(0.98:36.18)

0.052

Seropositivity to species-specific (Ref = No)

 Yes

2.25

(1.34:3.78)

0.002*

1.82

(1.03: 3.20)

0.038*

1.80

(0.72:4.47)

0.206

   

Positive PCR to species-specific in previous month (Ref = No)

 Yes

2.07

(1.14:3.80)

0.018*

   

5.46

(0.88:33.72)

0.067

10.40

(1.52:71.08)

0.017*

Malaria treatment previous month (Ref = No)

 Yes

1.09

(0.34:3.48)

0.888

   

5.61

(1.64:19.15)

0.006*

   
  1. Mixed-effects logistic models, only with random intercepts
  2. OR odds ratio, AOR adjusted odds ratio
  3. Wald test p value, * p < 0.05
  4. aFactor with missing values