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Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses for risk factors associated with placental malaria

From: Risk factors and pregnancy outcomes associated with placental malaria in a prospective cohort of Papua New Guinean women

Risk factors

n

Unadjusted (95% CI)

p

Adjusted (95% CI)a

p

Maternal

    

IPTp, n = 1451

 Intervention arm

726

0.85 (0.66–1.11)

0.246

0.69 (0.47–1.03)

0.068

 Control arm

725

REF

REF

REF

REF

Clinical malaria, n = 1448

172

1.56 (1.07–2.26)

0.020

2.05 (1.16–3.62)

0.013

MUAC (cm), n = 1420

379

1.21 (0.90–1.62)

0.212

1.04 (0.65–1.66)

0.881

Weight (kg)

1451

0.98 (0.97–1.00)

0.014

0.98 (0.96–1.00)

0.080

Age (years)

1451

0.96 (0.93–0.98)

0.001

1.00 (0.95–1.05)

0.979

Gravidity, n = 1449

 Primigravidae

738

1.73 (1.24–2.40)

0.001

2.45 (1.26–4.77)

0.008

 Secundigravidae

309

1.11 (0.73–1.69)

0.614

1.40 (0.70–2.78)

0.344

 Multigravidae

402

REF

REF

REF

REF

Ethnic group, n = 1450

 Sepik

258

1.16 (0.66–2.04)

0.612

1.06 (0.46–2.47)

0.892

 Madang/morobe

934

1.36 (0.83–2.23)

0.219

0.92 (0.45–1.89)

0.825

 Highlands

125

0.57 (0.27–1.21)

0.140

0.60 (1.81–2.00)

0.409

 Other

133

REF

REF

REF

REF

Place of residence, n = 1445

 Rural

827

3.09 (1.95–4.88)

≤ 0.001

3.65 (1.76–7.51)

≤ 0.001

 Peri-urban

282

1.76 (1.02–3.02)

0.041

1.32 (0.55–3.17)

0.451

 Migrant

75

2.59 (1.27–5.26)

0.009

1.65 (0.50–5.37)

0.409

 Urban

261

REF

REF

REF

REF

Bednet use, n = 1445

 Not used

328

1.10 (0.76–1.59)

0.614

1.26 (0.73–2.16)

0.402

 Used, not ITN

600

1.42 (1.04–1.92)

0.025

1.43 (0.91–2.24)

0.123

 Used, ITN

517

REF

REF

REF

REF

Socio-economic

 Employment, n = 745

  Subsistence farmer

313

0.94 (0.63–1.40)

0.753

0.64 (0.40–1.03)

0.064

  Self-employed

149

0.80 (0.48–1.34)

0.399

0.83 (0.47–1.47)

0.523

  Wage earner

283

REF

REF

REF

REF

 Literate, n = 1450

1371

1.29 (0.69–2.42)

0.430

0.84 (0.34–2.10)

0.708

 Betel nut chewer, n = 1444

1198

0.98 (0.69–1.40)

0.926

1.67 (0.89–3.13)

0.107

 Smoker, n = 1450

282

0.80 (0.56–1.14)

0.212

0.96 (0.57–1.62)

0.874

 Alcohol consumer, n = 1446

83

0.52 (0.26–1.05)

0.068

0.35 (0.11–1.07)

0.065

  1. Data are odds ratios (95% confident interval) for logistic regression models, p values are shown. p < 0.05 marked in italic
  2. IPTp intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy, MUAC mid-upper arm circumference, ITN insecticide-treated bed nets, REF reference group
  3. aMultivariate analyses included all risk factors