A systematic review of transfusion-transmitted malaria in non-endemic areas

Verra, Federica; Angheben, Andrea; Martello, Elisa; Giorli, Giovanni; Perandin, Francesca; Bisoffi, Zeno

doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2181-0

Malaria Journal

Table 1 Reported cases of transfusion- transmitted malaria (TTM) in malaria non-endemic areas

From: A systematic review of transfusion-transmitted malaria in non-endemic areas

Country^a	Year	Donor gender and age	Donor origin and last exposure	Recipient gender and age	Recipient incubation (delayed diagnosis)	Recipient outcome	Blood component transfused	Plasmodium species	Diagnosis method recipient (donor)	References
Canada
Western region	1936	M	Mediterranean area	F 13 years	3 weeks (5 weeks)	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[17]
Ontario	1936	M	Romania 25 years	F	26 days (2 weeks)	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[18]
Alberta	1977	F 23 years	Africa 2 years	F 60 years	29 days (29 days)	Recovery	WB	P. ovale	LM (IFAT)	[19]
Quebec	1994	N/A	Cameroon > 3 years	M 63 years	N/A (3 weeks)	Recovery	RBCs, PLTs, FFP	P. falciparum	LM (LM)	[20]
Ontario	1995	M	Mali 4 years	F 24 years	15 days (3 days)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM, PCR (PCR)	[20]
Ontario	1997	F 19 years	Ghana 4 years	F 62 years	21 days (5 weeks)	Recovery	RBCs, FFP	P. falciparum	LM, PCR	[20]
USA
New York	1911	N/A	N/A	M 54 years	11 days	“Pernicious anaemia”	WB	P. vivax	LM	[1]
Colorado	1929	M 32 years	Greece 16 years	F 2½ years	19–25 days (on the day)	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[21]
New York	1932	M	Italy	F 1.5 years	4 weeks (17 days)	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM	[22]
New York	1932	M	Italy 12 years	M 9 months	6 weeks	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM	[22]
New York	1933	F	Greece	F 8 years	< 8 weeks	Death due to pneumonia	WB	P. malariae	LM	[22]
New York	1936	M	Greece 33 years	F 1 year	29 days	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM	[22]
New York	1936	M	Colombia 10 years	M 3 years	2 months	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM	[22]
New York	1944	M 40 years	North Africa veteran 1 year	F 32 years	11–4 days (35 days)	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[23]
Rhode Island	1946	M or F	Italy or New England	F 40 years	2 months (2 days)	Recovery	WB, FFP	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[24]
Pennsylvania	1946	N/A	Army returnee	F	3 weeks (9 days)	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM	[25]
California	1968	M 19 years	Vietnam veteran 7 months	M 60 years	4 days (on the day)	N/A	WB	P. falciparum	LM (LM)	[26]
Connecticut	1968	N/A	Mexico 5 years	F 8 months	6 ½ months	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM	[27]
Washington state	1968	M 22 years	Vietnam veteran 1 year	F 54 years	13 days (9 days)	Recovery	WB	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT)	[28]
Oklahoma	1968	M 21 years	Vietnam veteran 5 months	F 25 years	16 days (7 days)	Recovery	WB	P. falciparum	LM (LM)	[28]
Washington D.C.	1969	M	Nigeria > 2 years	M 56 years	17 days (6 days)	Death	WB	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT)	[29]
New York	1970	M	Ghana 1 year	M 34 years	6 days (2 days)	Recovery	WB	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT)	[30]
Chicago	1972	N/A	N/A	M 5 months	16 days (6 days)	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM	[31]
New York	1971	N/A	N/A	M 24 years	Multiple transfusions (7 days)	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM (IFAT)	[32]
New York	1974	N/A	N/A	F 42 years	9 weeks (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs, PLTs, FFP	P. malariae	LM (IFAT)	[32]
New York	1974	F 53 years	Greece 22 years	F 78 years	Multiple transfusions (~ 30 days)	Recovery	WB, RBCs	P. malariae	LM, IFAT (IFAT)	[33]
New York	1974	M 38 years	Cyprus 4 years	F 42 years	35 days (1 month)	Recovery	RBCs, PLTs, FFP	P. malariae	LM, IFAT (IFAT)	[33]
Tennessee	1974	M 28 years	Nigeria 8 years	F 15 years	3 months (12 days)	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM (LM, IFAT)	[34]
Wisconsin	1977	N/A	Africa recent	F 57 years	Multiple transfusions (28 days)	Death due to refractory leukaemia	PLTs	P. falciparum	LM (LM)	[35]
New York state	1978	M	Ghana 10 months	F 65 years	16 days (1 day)	Recovery	WB, RBCs, FFP	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT)	[36]
California	1980	M	N/A	M 6 years	15 days (2 days)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (LM)	[37]
California	1982	M	Nigeria 7 years	M premature	6 weeks	Death due to pneumonia	WB	P. ovale	LM, IFAT (IFAT)	[38]
Boston	1982	N/A	N/A	M premature	7 weeks (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[39]
Boston	1982	N/A	N/A	M premature	10 weeks (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[39]
California	1983	M	Guatemala 6 months	M premature	5 weeks (on the day)	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM (LM)	[40]
California	1983	M	South America 6 months	M infant	14 days (on the day)	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM (IFAT)	[40]
Texas	1992	M 19 years	Nigeria 7 months	F 71 years	7 days (on the day)	N/A	RBCs, PLTs	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT)	[41]
Texas	1992	M 19 years	Nigeria 7 months	M 65 years	N/A	N/A	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT)	[41]
California	1992	M 55 years	China 44 years	M 44 years	7 months (3 months)	Recovery	RBCs	P. malariae	LM (IFAT)	[41]
Texas	1994	M	Nigeria recent	F 59 years	20 days (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT)	[42]
Texas	1994	M	Ghana recent	M 46 years	16 days (7 days)	Recovery	RBCs, FFP	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT)	[42]
Pennsylvania	1995	M	Nigeria 3 years	F 72 years	Multiple transfusions	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT)	[43]
Missouri	1996	M	West Africa 1 year	M 70 years	15 days (on the day)	Death	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT, PCR)	[44]
Missouri	1997	M	West Africa 2 years	M 85 years	21 days (on the day)	Death	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT, PCR)	[44]
Pennsylvania	1998	M	West Africa 2 years	M 49 years	35 days (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT, PCR)	[44]
Texas	2003	M	Ghana 2 years	69 years	17 days (3 days)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (LM, PCR, IFAT)	[45]
Texas	2007	M	Nigeria 6 years	F 25 years	Multiple transfusions	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT)	[46]
Washington D.C.	2007	M	West Africa	F	15 days (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM, PCR (LM)	[47]
Washington D.C.	2007	M 27 years	Nigeria 3 years	M 27 years	13–28 days (11 days)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT, PCR)	[47]
New Jersey	2007	F 30 years	Uganda > 1 year	M 78 years	1 year	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT, PCR)	[47]
N/A	2007	M 21 years	Benin 4 years	F 55 years	1 month	Recovery	RBCs, PLTs, FFP	P. falciparum	LM, IFAT, PCR (IFAT, EIA)	[48]
Georgia	2015	M 20 years	Liberia 15 years	M 76 years	6 months (2 days)	Recovery	RBCs, FFP	P. malariae	LM, PCR (LM, PCR, ELISA)	[49]
Colombia
Cali	2011	N/A	Rural area 9 months	F Premature	Multiple transfusions (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs	P. vivax	LM (PCR)	[50]
Brasil
Sao Paulo	2008	M	Atlantic forest 1 year	N/A	75 days (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs, PLTs, FFP	P. malariae	LM (LM, PCR, IFAT)	[51]
Spain
Valencia	1987	N/A	Congo	F 32years	7 days (on the day)	N/A	WB	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT)	[52]
Madrid	1997	N/A	Central Africa	F 63 years	3 weeks (4 weeks)	N/A	WB	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT)	[53]
Cordoba	2002	N/A	N/A	F 26 years	Multiple transfusions (128 days)	Recovery	WB, RBCs	P. falciparum	LM IFAT	[54]
UK
Midlands	1935	M	India 2 years	M 26 years	19 days (5 days)	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM (LM)	[55]
London	1938	M	Ceylon 12 years	F 3 months	10 weeks (on the day)	Death	WB	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[56]
Durham	1946	M	Yemen 7 years	F 18 years	7–8 weeks (10 days)	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[57]
N/A	1959	M 19 years	Nigeria 1 year	F 41 years	16 days (6 days)	Recovery	WB	P. falciparum	LM (LM)	[58]
Oxford	1966	M	Far East 20 years	M 33 years	10 weeks (1 day)	Recovery	WB, FFP	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[59]
Buckingmanshire	1967	M	Army returnee	M 51 years	N/A	Recovery	FFP	P. malariae	LM (LM)	[60]
Buckingmanshire	1968	M	Africa 18 months	M 49 years	11 days (12 days)	Recovery	WB	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT)	[60]
London	1986	M	Africa	F 72 years	13 days (12 days)	N/A	PLTs	P. falciparum	LM (LM, IFAT)	[61]
London	1986	M	Ghana	F 81 years	14 days	N/A	WB	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT)	[61]
N/A	1994	F	Ghana 1 year	M	15 days (on the day)	N/A	WB	P. falciparum	LM (EIA, IFAT)	[5]
N/A	1997	F 19 years	Ghana 3 years	M 62 years	4 days	Death	WB	P. falciparum	(EIA, IFAT)	[5]
N/A	2003	F 38 years	Ghana 7 years	M 51 years	N/A	Death	WB	P. falciparum	LM (EIA, IFAT)	[5]
Netherlands
Leiden	2011	M 36 years	Africa Costa Rica > 4 years	F 59 years	2 months (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs	P. malariae	LM, PCR (LM, IFAT, PCR)	[62]
Germany
Göttingen	1998	N/A	N/A	M 18 months	14 days (9 days)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM	[63]
France
Poitiers	1969	M	Portugal 5 months	F	15 days (1 month)	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM (IFAT)	[64]
Paris	1957	F	Tunisia 27 years	F 32 years	48 days (4 days)	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM	[65]
Paris	1973	M	Senegal 13 years	M 30 years	14 days (9 days)	Recovery	WB	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT)	[65]
Paris	1975	N/A	N/A	F 24 years	15 days (18 days)	Recovery	WB	Plasmodium	LM (IFAT)	[66]
Tours	1977	N/A	N/A	F 47 years	15 days (on the day)	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM	[67]
Rouen	1976	N/A	Senegal	N/A	12 days (10 days)	Death	N/A	P. falciparum	(IFAT)	[68]
Rouen	1976	N/A	Ivory Coast	N/A	13 days (6 days)	Death	N/A	P. falciparum	(IFAT)	[68]
Rouen	1978	N/A	N/A	N/A	60 days (2 days)	Recovery	N/A	P. malariae	(IFAT)	[68]
Nancy	1979	M	Zaire 1 month	F 29 years	15 days (43 days)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum P. malariae	LM (IFAT)	[69]
Crèteil	1980	M	Central Africa	M infant	2 months (3 days)	Recovery	RBCs, FFP	P. malariae	LM	[70]
Aulnay-sous-Bois	1986	N/A	N/A	F 64 years	16 days (on the day)	Recovery	WB	P. ovale	LM	[71]
Libourne	1990	M	Comores < 6 months	F 39 years	1 month (on the day)	Recovery	WB	P. falciparum	LM	[72]
Le Chesnay	2002	F 19 years	Africa 4 years	M 81 years	13 days (4 days)	Death	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM, IFAT, PCR (IFAT, PCR)	[73]
Tourcoing	2013	N/A	Endemic area 3 years	F 75 years	14 days (8 days)	Death	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT, PCR)	[74]
Switzerland
Zurich	1999	M 30 years	Cameroon 6 years	M 70 years	14 days (22 days)	Death	RBCs, FFP	P. falciparum	LM (IFAT, PCR)	[75]
Austria
Wien	1929	M	Endemic area 10 years	N/A	14 days	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM	[76]
Italy
Liguria	1963	N/A	N/A	M Premature	28–40 days	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM	[77]
Liguria	1963	N/A	N/A	F 8 years	1–13 days	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM	[78]
Liguria	1964	N/A	N/A	F 6 years	Multiple transfusions (4 months)	Recovery	WB	P. vivax	LM	[78]
Sicily	2005	M	Philippine	F 35 years	Multiple transfusions (4 months)	Recovery	WB	P. malariae	LM	[79]
Veneto	2008	N/A	N/A	F 29 years Morocco	Multiple transfusions (2 weeks)	Recovery	RBCs	P. vivax	LM	[80]
Algeria
Algiers	1918	M	Greece 1 month	F	15 days (few days)	Recovery	WB	P. praecox ^b	LM (LM)	[13]
Lebanon
Beirut	2007	N/A	N/A	M 28 years	1 ½ months (2 weeks)	Recovery	RBCs	P. falciparum	LM	[81]
Beirut	2010	N/A	N/A	F 46 years	1 month (2 days)	Recovery	RBCs	P. ovale	LM	[82]
India
Shimla	2006	N/A	N/A	F 47 years	12 days (on the day)	Recovery	WB	P. falciparum	LM	[83]
Korea
Taegu, South Corea	2000	M 21 years	Endemic area	M 1 year	15 days (5 days)	Recovery	RBCs, FFP	P. vivax	LM (LM, PCR)	[84]
Thailand
Bangkok	2011	M teenager	Endemic area 3 weeks	F 62 years	15 days (on the day)	Recovery	RBCs	P. knowlesi	LM, PCR	[85]
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur	2012	M 26 years	Myanmar 9 months	M 12 years	1 week (on the day)	N/A	WB	P. vivax	LM, PCR (PCR)	[86]
Sabah	2015	M 51 years	Endemic area	F 23 years	16 days (on the day)	Recovery	WB	P. knowlesi	LM, PCR (LM, PCR)	[87]

N/A data not available, WB whole blood, RBCs red blood cells, PLTs platelets, FFP fresh frozen plasma, LM light microscopy, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IFAT indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, PCR polymerase chain reaction
^aOnly non-endemic areas of the country if malaria endemic were included
^bPossible misidentification of P. falciparum

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