Table 1 Characteristics of study population, and association between clinical, demographic, and epidemiological factors and malaria infection
|  | Total (%) n = 1919 | LAMP negative (%) n = 1876 | LAMP positive (%) n = 42 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical | ||||
 Fever in the past 2 weeks | ||||
  No | 1292 (69.2) | 1269 (98.2) | 23 (1.8) | 0.04 |
  Yes | 574 (30.8) | 555 (96.7 | 19 (3.3) | |
Demographics | ||||
 Gender | ||||
  Female | 1056 (55.0) | 1033 (97.8) | 23 (2.2) | 0.84 |
  Male | 863 (45.0) | 843 (97.7) | 20 (2.3) | |
 Age (years) | ||||
  < 15 | 902 (47.0) | 889 (98.6) | 13 (1.4) | 0.07 |
  15–40 | 629 (32.8) | 609 (96.8) | 20 (3.2) | |
  > 40 | 387 (20.2) | 378 (97.4) | 10 (2.6) | |
 Occupationa | ||||
  Agricultural | 241 (12.6) | 229 (95.0) | 12 (4.9) | 0.001 |
  Fishing | 25 (1.3) | 24 (96.0) | 1 (4.0) | |
  Cattle herder | 27 (1.4) | 24 (88.9) | 3 (11.1) | |
  Other manual labour | 51 (2.7) | 49 (96.1) | 2 (3.9) | |
  Police officer/guard | 16 (0.8) | 16 (100) | 0 (0) | |
  Office/commercial/professional | 28 (1.5) | 27 (96.4) | 1 (3.6) | |
  Small market sales | 27 (1.4) | 27 (100) | 0 (0) | |
  Unemployed/homemaker/retiree | 443 (23.1) | 438 (98.9) | 5 (1.1) | |
  Student | 146 (7.6) | 142 (97.3) | 4 (2.7) | |
  Otherb | 13 (0.7) | 11 (84.6) | 2 (15.4) | |
  ≤ 15 years old | 902 (47.0) | 889 (98.6) | 13 (1.4) | |
 Socio-economic status | ||||
  Lowest | 368 (19.7) | 360 (97.8) | 8 (2.2) | 0.99 |
  Lower-middle | 353 (18.9) | 345 (97.7) | 8 (2.3) | |
  Middle | 380 (20.3) | 372 (97.9) | 8 (2.1) | |
  Upper-middle | 384 (20.6) | 376 (97.9) | 8 (2.1) | |
  Highest | 384 (20.6) | 374 (97.4) | 10 (2.6) | |
Residence | ||||
 Health facility catchment area | ||||
  Chinchimane | 179 (9.3) | 174 (97.2) | 5 (2.8) | 0.83 |
  Choi | 308 (16.1) | 300 (97.4) | 8 (2.6) | |
  Kanono | 226 (11.9) | 221 (97.8) | 5 (2.2) | |
  Kasheshe | 340 (17.7) | 331 (97.4) | 9 (2.6) | |
  Sesheke | 462 (24.1) | 455 (98.5) | 7 (1.5) | |
  Sibbinda | 403 (21.0) | 394 (97.8) | 9 (2.2) | |
Travel | ||||
 Travel in past 8 weeks | ||||
  No | 1597 (85.5) | 1560 (97.7) | 37 (2.2) | 0.17 |
  Yes | 270 (14.5) | 263 (97.4) | 7 (2.4) | |
 Travel categories |  |  |  |  |
  No travel | 1597 (85.5) | 1562 (97.8) | 35 (2.2) | 0.76 |
  Domestic travel | 256 (13.7) | 249 (97.3) | 7 (2.1) | |
  International travel | 16 (0.9) | 16 (100) | 0 (0) | |
Housing | ||||
 Tertile of housing qualityc | ||||
  Lowest | 866 (46.4) | 849 (98.0) | 17 (2.0) | 0.74 |
  Middle | 405 (21.7) | 395 (97.5) | 10 (2.5) | |
  Highest | 594 (31.9) | 579 (97.5) | 15 (2.5) | |
 Individuals per household | ||||
  < 5 | 194 (10.6) | 192 (99.0) | 2 (1.0) | 0.50 |
  ≥ 5 and < 10 | 1011 (55.1) | 988 (97.7) | 23 (2.3) | |
  ≥ 10 | 629 (34.3) | 613 (97.5) | 16 (2.5) | |
Vector control | ||||
 ITN ownership | ||||
  None | 854 (45.6) | 834 (97.7) | 20 (2.3) | 0.88 |
  < 1 ITN per 2 people | 647 (34.6) | 634 (98.0) | 13 (2.0) | |
  ≥ 1 ITN per 2 people | 371 (19.8) | 362 (97.6) | 9 (2.4) | |
 ITN use | ||||
  No | 1250 (66.9) | 1226 (98.1) | 24 (1.9) | 0.18 |
  Yes | 619 (33.1) | 601 (97.1) | 18 (2.9) | |
 Sprayed in past year | ||||
  No | 723 (40.4) | 710 (98.2) | 13 (1.8) | 0.36 |
  Yes | 1065 (59.6) | 1039 (97.6) | 26 (2.4) | |