Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
No. | Authors, year | Study area (years of the survey) | Study design | Age range (years) | Sex (male, %) | Participants | PCR for Plasmodium spp. | Target gene | Microscopy (including mixed infection) | PCR (including mixed infection) | No. of discordances | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of malaria | No. of P. malariae | No. of P. knowlesi | No. of malaria | No. of P. malariae | No. of P. knowlesi | ||||||||||
1 | Anderios et al., 2008 | Sabah, Malaysia | Retrospective cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 31 P. malariae-positive by microscopy | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 31 | 31 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 25 | 25 |
2 | Barber et al., 2012 | Sabah, Malaysia (2009–2011) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | P. knowlesi: 33 years, IQR 20–50 years | P. knowlesi: 73% | 485 malaria positive by microscopy | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 485 | 445 | 0 | 435 | 4 | 379 | 339 |
3 | Coutrier et al., 2018 | Aceh, Indonesia (2014–2015) | Prospective study | NS | NS | 41 malaria positive by microscopy | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 41 | 3 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 19 | 3 |
4 | Cox-Singh et al., 2008 | Sarawak, Malaysia (2001–2006) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | Mean 36.9, 0.2–91 years | 75.8% | 960 malaria positive by microscopy | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 960 | 312 | 0 | 960 | 4 | 266 | 228 |
5 | Goh et al., 2013 | Sabah, Malaysia (2008–2011) | Prospective study | NS | NS | 189 patients suspected of malaria | Hexaplex PCR | 18S rRNA | 189 | 49 | 0 | 178 | 2 | 42 | 35 |
6 | Jongwutiwes et al., 2011 | Thailand (2008–2009) | Retrospective and prospective study | Mean 27.4, 1–87 years | 78% | 3770 patients suspected of malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 3300 | 2 | 0 | 3446 | 8 | 33 | 1 |
7 | Joveen-Neoh et al., 2011 | Sabah, Malaysia (2010) | Prospective study | 11–20 years | 74.5% | 243 patients suspected of malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 83 | 43 | 0 | 107 | 0 | 65 | 43 |
8 | Naing et al., 2011 | Sabah, Malaysia (2009) | Retrospective study | 33 ± 18 years | 73.8% | 445 samples referred for PCR analysis | Nested PCR | NS | 445 | 318 | NS | 343 | 2 | 343 | 316 |
9 | Putaporntip et al., 2009 | Thailand (2006–2007) | Prospective study | Malaria positive: mean 25.54 (1–81) | Malaria positive: 2.25:1 | 1874 patients suspected of malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 1695 | 3 | 0 | 1751 | 24 | 10 | 1 |
10 | Singh et al., 2004 | Sarawak, Malaysia (2000–2002) | Prospective study | NS | NS | 208 malaria positive by microscopy | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 208 | 141 | 0 | 208 | 0 | 120 | 106 |
11 | Yusof et al., 2014 | Malaysia (2012–2013) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | Mean 33.8 | 77.9% | 457 malaria positive by microscopy | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 457 | 82 | 182 | 453 | 1 | 267 | 73 |