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Table 4 Demographics, laboratory investigations, imaging, and outcomes by Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound phenotype

From: Mechanisms of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound phenotypes in paediatric cerebral malaria remain elusive

Variable

Hyperemia

(n = 57)

IPH

(n = 35)

Low flow

(n = 50)

MO

(n = 14)

Vasospasm

(n = 11)

Normal

(n = 7)

p

Age (months), mean (SD)

55 (31)

58 (37)

59 (37)

56 (25)

67 (32)

72 (29)

0.71

Temperature (°C), median [IQR]

38.5

[37.7, 39.1]

38.5

[37.8, 39.4]

38.0

[37.1, 39.2]

38.5

[37.6, 39.3]

37.8

[37.6, 38.5]

38.5

[38.0, 39.0]

0.25

Heart rate (beats/min), median [IQR]

141

[127, 152]

143

[128, 158]

142

[123, 161]

140

[124, 158]

140

[136, 146]

133

[130, 136]

0.97

RR (breaths/min), median [IQR]

32.0

[26.0, 39.0]

36.0

[28.0, 43.0]

36.0

[32.0, 42.8]

34.5

[32.2, 39.5]

36.0

[32.5, 44.5]

40.0

[39.5, 45.0]

0.07

Oxygen saturation (%), median [IQR]

97.0

[95.0, 98.0]

97.0

[96.0, 99.0]

97.0

[95.0, 98.0]

98.0

[96.2, 98.0]

98.0

[97.0, 99.0]

96.0

[96.0, 97.5]

0.21

MBP (mmHg), median [IQR]

78.0

[71.0, 84.0]

78.0

[72.5, 86.5]

83.5

[73.2, 90.0]

73.0

[65.8, 80.5]

75.0

[68.5, 86.5]

74.0

[71.0, 79.0]

0.21

Pulse pressure (mmHg), median [IQR]

43.0

[39.0, 55.0]

38.0

[35.0, 44.0]

37.5

[33.0, 44.8]

35.5

[34.0, 43.2]

38.0

[35.0, 42.0]

33.0

[33.0, 35.5]

0.003

Stroke volume index (ml/m2), median [IQR]

39.0

[34.2, 44.8]

39.0

[33.5, 43.5]

32.0

[28.5, 41.0]

43.0

[38.2, 50.8]

42.0

[38.2, 46.2]

38.0

[35.0, 42.5]

0.08

Cardiac index (l/min/m2), median [IQR]

5.30

[4.90, 5.88]

5.40

[4.55, 5.90]

4.40

[3.70, 5.00]

6.00

[5.18, 6.60]

5.55

[5.20, 6.60]

4.20

[4.00, 5.05]

 < 0.001

SVRI (d.s.cm−5m2), median [IQR]

1270 [1070, 1392]

1306 [1198, 1580]

1552

[1197, 1961]

962

[919, 991]

1187

[903, 1334]

1378

[1294, 1660]

0.003

Packed Cell Volume (%),median [IQR]

26.0

[20.0, 29.0]

26.0

[21.5, 30.0]

27.5

[22.2, 32.8]

27.5

[24.2, 30.8]

23.0

[19.5, 25.0]

27.0

[25.0, 28.0]

0.08

Glucose (mmol/L), median [IQR]

5.30

[4.40, 6.20]

5.90

[4.60, 6.60]

5.65

[4.40, 6.90]

5.30

[4.38, 8.85]

5.80

[5.40, 6.60]

5.70

[5.15, 6.50]

0.74

Lactate (mmol/L), median [IQR]

4.30

[2.60, 6.80]

3.00

[2.10, 5.30]

4.05

[2.02, 8.60]

4.15

[2.10, 6.95]

5.00

[2.75, 8.35]

4.00

[3.00, 4.70]

0.87

Parasites/microliter blood, median [IQR]

455,000

[27,000, 975,000]

346,000

[108,000, 1,499,000]

464,000

[180,000 1,280,000]

126,000

[67,000, 459,000]

116,000

[62,000, 237,000]

246,000 [174,000,

815,000]

0.52

PfHRP2 (ng/mL), median [IQR]

396

[111,1021]

913

[46, 1270]

333

[122, 874]

123

[13, 282]

330

[44,687]

807 [545, 996]

.006

pH, median [IQR]

7.42

[7.36, 7.46]

7.42

[7.36, 7.45]

7.41

[7.38, 7.46]

7.44

[7.36, 7.48]

7.38

[7.35, 7.50]

7.41

[7.38, 7.44]

0.99

CO2 (mmHg), median [IQR]

29.0

[23.0, 36.0]

28.5

[24.8, 34.0]

27.5

[24.0, 31.0]

27.0

[24.5, 30.5]

22.5

[18.0, 26.5]

26.0

[25.5, 34.5]

0.53

Base excess, median [IQR]

2.10

[-3.00, 6.50]

0.80

[-6.50, 6.00]

0.10

[-6.00, 5.00]

3.30

[2.70, 7.82]

3.00

[0.50, 20.2]

5.00

[1.50, 6.00]

0.22

Sodium (mEq/L), median [IQR]

139

[137, 143]

139

[136, 144]

140

[135, 143]

136

[134, 139]

138

[134, 140]

141

[137, 146]

0.29

Bicarbonate (mmol/L), median [IQR]

17.0

[13.0, 20.2]

17.0

[15.0, 19.0]

18.0

[13.5, 20.5]

17.8

[12.2, 20.0]

18.0

[13.5, 21.5]

18.5

[17.8, 20.0]

0.93

Retinopathy positive, n (%)

37 (65)

21 (60)

36 (72)

10 (71.4)

6 (54.5)

5 (71.4)

0.80

Blantyre coma score, n (%)

      

0.05

0

7 (13)

5 (14)

8 (16)

4 (29)

2 (18)

0 (0)

 

1

15 (26)

14 (40)

26 (52)

3 (21)

3 (27)

3 (43)

 

2

35 (61)

16 (46)

16 (32)

7 (50)

6 (55)

4 (57)

 

Seizures on EEG, n (%)

6 (11)

1 (3)

4 (8)

3 (21)

2 (18)

0 (0)

0.38

Papilloedema present, n (%)

3 (5)

1 (3)

3 (6)

2 (14)

1 (9)

0 (0)

0.37

Opening pressure (cm H20), median [IQR]

15.5

[12.0, 21.5]

16.0

[13.5, 21.5]

17.0

[12.0, 22.0]

18.0

[14.0, 19.0]

21.5

[12.8, 26.0]

19.0

[12.0, 23.5]

0.83

ONSD (mm), median [IQR]

0.48

[0.44, 0.53]

0.48

[0.44, 0.50]

0.48

[0.45, 0.50]

0.49

[0.45, 0.53]

0.45

[0.42, 0.48]

0.46

[0.44, 0.47]

0.59

Time to coma resolution (hrs), median [IQR]

26.0

[20.0, 61.5]

44.0

[24.0, 79.5]

52.0

[25.5, 90.5]

40.0

[31.0, 51.0]

47.0

[19.5, 114]

36.0

[27.0, 36.0]

0.23

Brain volume score, n (%)*

n = 34

n = 17

n = 24

n = 10

n = 7

n = 2

0.95

3

3 (9)

1 (6)

1 (4)

1 (10)

1 (14)

0 (0)

 

4

3 (9)

1 (6)

3 (13)

1 (10)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

5

13 (38)

6 (35)

8 (33)

3 (30)

3 (43)

0 (0)

 

6

9 (26)

4 (24)

5 (21)

2 (20)

2 (29)

2 (100)

 

7

5 (15)

5 (29)

5 (21)

2 (20)

1 (14)

0 (0)

 

8

1 (3)

0 (0)

2 (8)

1 (10)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Autoregulation (THRR), median [IQR]

1.05

[1.01, 1.12]

1.11

[1.07, 1.19]

1.10

[1.03, 1.20]

1.09

[1.07, 1.13]

1.04

[1.01, 1.06]

1.20 [1.14;1.27]

0.13

Outcome, n (%)

      

 < .001

Good

       

PCPC 1 -2 (normal, mild disability)

44 (77)

31 (89)

21 (42)

9 (64)

6 (55)

7 (100)

 

Poor

       

PCPC 3–5 (moderate to severe disability)

8 (14)

3(9)

14 (28)

3 (21)

5 (45)

0 (0)

 

PCPC 6 (died)

5 (9)

1 (2)

15 (30)

2 (15)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 
  1. n number, SD standard deviations, hrs hours, RR respiratory rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, mmHg millimeters mercury, DBP diastolic blood pressure; MBP mean blood pressure, IQR interquartile range, SVRI systemic vascular resistive index, PfHRP2 Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2, CO2 carbon dioxide, NIRS near-infrared spectroscopy, SO2 cerebral oxygen saturation, EEG electroencephalogram, OP opening pressure, ONSD optic nerve sheath diameter, THRR transient hyperemic response ratio, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, TCD transcranial doppler ultrasound, CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  2. MRI data are available for 94 participants