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Table 1 Risk factors for fatal outcome

From: Falciparum malaria and HIV-1 in hospitalized adults in Maputo, Mozambique: does HIV-infection obscure the malaria diagnosis?

Characteristic

Case fatality rate (deaths/no at risk)*

Univariate analysis OR (95%CI)

p

Multivariate analysis, adjusted OR (95%CI), P †

Overall

15.3% (51/333)

   

Age (no of years)‡

NA

0.98 (0.97–1.00)

0.071

Removed

(p = 0.433)

Sex:

  

0.682

Removed

(p = 0.257)

   Female

14.5% (24/165)

1

  

   Male

16.2% (27/167)

1.13 (0.62–2.06)

  

Malaria parasitemia

  

0.859

 

   Negative

15.6% (40/257)

1

  

   Positive

14.3% (4/28)

0.90 (0.30–2.75)

  

Malaria parasitemia

(graded 1–5)‡

NA

1.02 (0.75–1.40)

0.889

 

High parasitemia

  

0.261

 

   <5% of erythrocytes

14.8% (40/270)

1

  

   ≥ 5% of erythrocytes

27.3% (3/11)

2.16 (0.55–8.52)

  

Initial diagnosis

  

0.936

 

   Other than malaria

15.3% (43/282)

1

  

   Presumptive malaria

15.7% (8/51)

1.03 (0.45 – 2.35)

  

Retrospective diagnosis

  

0.166

Removed

(p = 0.401)

   Other than malaria

20.9% (39/187)

1

  

   Verified malaria

8.7% (2/23)

0.36 (0.08 – 1.62)

  

HIV test result

  

0.103

Removed

(p = 0.290)

   Negative

10.7% (9/84)

1

  

   Positive

18.6% (35/188)

1.91 (0.87–4.19)

  

CDC HIV stage‡§

NA

1.36 (1.04–1.78)

0.026

1.87 (1.01–3.47)

p = 0.048

Anti retroviral therapy

  

0.953

 

   Not on ART

15.4% (45/293)

1

  

   On ART

15.0% (6/40)

0.97 (0.39–2.45)

  

Hypotension

  

0.057

4.02 (1.01–15.89)

p = 0.048

   No hypotension reported

14.5% (46/318)

1

  

   Blood pressure <90 mmHg

33.3% (5/15)

2.96 (0.97–9.04)

  

Neck stiffness

  

0.323

 

   No neck stiffness reported

15.8% (50/317)

1

  

   Stiff neck

6.3% (1/16)

0.36 (0.05–2.76)

  

Cough

  

0.757

 

   No cough reported

14.9% (36/241)

1

  

   Coughing

16.3% (15/92)

1.11 (0.58–2.14)

  

Diarrhoea

  

0.862

 

   No diarrhoea reported

15.5% (43/278)

1

  

   Diarrhoea present

14.5% (8/55)

0.93 (0.41–2.11)

  

Serum creatinine

  

0.907

 

   < 175 μmol/L or not tested

15.2% (44/289)

1

  

   ≥ 175 μmol/L

15.9% (7/44)

1.05 (0.44–2.51)

  

Platelet counts

  

0.008

2.23 (0.94–5.33)

p = 0.070

   ≥ 100 × 109/L or not tested

13.1% (37/283)

1

  

   <100 × 109/L

28.0% (14/50)

2.59 (1.27–4.5.25)

  

Blood-glucose

  

<0.001

13.57 (2.69–68.45)

p = 0.002

   ≥ 2.2 mmol/L or not tested

14.2% (46/324)

1

  

   <2.2 mmol/L

55.6% (5/9)

7.55 (1.96–29.18)

  
  1. CFR case-fatality rate, OR odds ratio, 95%CI 95% confidence interval, NA not applicable, CDC Centers for Disease Control, MPS = malaria parasite slide. * The number of observations in the CFR column varies because some patients' test results were not known. † 189 observations in final model ‡The Odds Ratio estimates for quantitative/ordinal variables are approximations to the odds ratio for a one unit increase. § 0 = negative, 1 = CDC stage A, 2 = CDC stage B, 3 = CDC stage C.
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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