Fig. 1

Levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in PNG pregnant women against Plasmodium falciparum antigens over the course of one pregnancy. White bars- pregnant women recruited at first antenatal visit, grey bars pregnant women at delivery. Pregnant women on sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and chloroquine (CQ) [N = 304], and on SP and azithromycin (AZ) [N = 277]. a Levels of IgG antibodies to schizont extract, PfRh2, MSP2, MSP3 and measles antigen presented as arbitrary units. b Levels of opsonising IgG antibodies to variant surface antigens of placental-binding and endothelial-binding IEs, presented as percentage of THP-1 cells that have ingested IESs (percentage phagocytosis). Wilcoxon signed-rank test, ****p < 0.0001. Columns represents IQR and error bars shows 95 % CI