Table 4 Impact of Vernonia amygdalina leaf methanolic extract and derived phases on the development of early sporogonic stages
From: Plasmodium transmission blocking activities of Vernonia amygdalina extracts and isolated compounds
Test agents | Experimenta | Mean ESS (95% CI)b | Percentage inhibition of ESS (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Ver-MeOH | 1 | 13 (9–18) | 51.0 (34.2–67.8) |
2 | 4 (3–6) | 68.3 (58.7–77.9) | |
3 | 41 (34–47) | 57.5 (50.6–64.4) | |
4 | 105 (92–118) | 51.9 (45.9–57.9) | |
5 | 57 (47–66) | 57.9 (50.9–64.9) | |
Phases from methanolic extract | |||
 Water | 1 | 13 (7–20) | 51.0 (26.6–75.4) |
2 | 5 (2–7) | 65.9 (46.7–85.0) | |
3 | 8 (0–8) | 91.6 (86.2–97.1) | |
4 | 115 (76–154) | 47.5 (29.8–65.1) | |
5 | 76 (59–93) | 43.6 (31–56.1) | |
 Ethylacetate | 1 | 11 (10–13) | 58.3 (52.0–64.7) |
2 | 4 (2–5) | 73.2 (60.5–85.8) | |
3 | 20 (15–25) | 79.1 (73.7–84.5) | |
4 | 76 (40–112) | 65.4 (49.0–81.9) | |
5 | 48 (37–59) | 64.1 (55.9–72.3) | |
 Butanol | 1 | 1 (0–3) | 95.1 (88.7–100) |
2 | 1 (1–2) | 90.2 (85.5–95.0) | |
3 | 2 (1–4) | 97.6 (95.8–99.4) | |
4 | 15 (7–22) | 93.3 (89.9–96.7) | |
5 | 18 (14–23) | 86.4 (82.9–89.9) | |
Solvent control (0.2% DMSO) | 1 | 27 (22–33) |  |
2 | 14 (9–19) |  | |
3 | 96 (85–106) |  | |
4 | 219 (198–240) |  | |
5 | 135 (111–158) |  | |