Risk factor | Total | P. falciparum seropositive | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
%n | n | %n | n | %n 95% CI | ORa | 95% CI | p value | ORb | 95% CI | p-value | |
Age (years) | |||||||||||
 2–5 | 8.8 | 394 | 4.6 | 18 | 2.9–7.1 | 0.21 | 0.12–0.35 | <0.001 | 0.22 | 0.13–0.38 | <0.001 |
 6–15 | 10.7 | 481 | 10 | 48 | 7.6–13.0 | 0.48 | 0.34–0.69 | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.36–0.75 | 0.001 |
 16–40 | 45.8 | 2050 | 12.8 | 263 | 11.5–14.4 | 0.71 | 0.58–0.88 | 0.002 | 0.71 | 0.58–0.89 | 0.002 |
 ≥ 41 | 34.7 | 1552 | 17.1 | 266 | 15.4–19.1 | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Gender | |||||||||||
 Male | 30.3 | 1357 | 10.7 | 145 | 9.2–12.4 | 0.67 | 0.54–0.84 | <0.001 | 0.77 | 0.62–0.97 | 0.057 |
 Female | 69.7 | 3120 | 14.4 | 450 | 13.2–15.7 | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Education status | |||||||||||
 Primary and below | 49.5 | 2218 | 13.6 | 302 | 12.3–15.1 | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Secondary and above | 50.5 | 2259 | 13 | 293 | 11.7–14.4 | 0.89 | 0.73–1.08 | 0.239 | 0.72 | 0.56–0.95 | 0.018 |
Employment status | |||||||||||
 Unemployment | 86.7 | 3881 | 13.1 | 508 | 12.1–14.2 | 0.36 | 0.11–1.19 | 0.094 |  |  |  |
 Some employment | 0.5 | 21 | 19.1 | 4 | 7.67–40.0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Full employment | 12.8 | 575 | 14.4 | 83 | 11.8–17.5 | 0.42 | 0.12–1.44 | 0.168 |  |  |  |
Household IRS between Aug 2014 and Feb 2015 | |||||||||||
 Yes | 45.4 | 2034 | 11.8 | 239 | 10.4–13.2 | 0.93 | 0.73–1.18 | 0.537 |  |  |  |
 No | 53.1 | 2375 | 14.8 | 351 | 13.4–16.3 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Not sure | 1.5 | 68 | 7.4 | 5 | 3.18–16.1 | 1.05 | 0.40–2.81 | 0.916 |  |  |  |
Travel outside S. Africa in the past 6Â months | |||||||||||
 Yes | 1.5 | 65 | 21.5 | 14 | 13.3–33.0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 98.5 | 4412 | 13.2 | 581 | 12.2–14.2 | 0.63 | 0.31–1.26 | 0.190 |  |  |  |
Outdoor nightime activity last night | |||||||||||
 Yes | 21.1 | 945 | 12.4 | 117 | 10.4–14.6 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 78.9 | 3532 | 13.5 | 478 | 12.4–14.7 | 0.90 | 0.68–1.19 | 0.464 |  |  |  |
Household elevation (m) | |||||||||||
 350–450 | 41.4 | 1855 | 9.1 | 168 | 7.8–10.5 | 0.57 | 0.32–0.99 | 0.057 |  |  |  |
 451–550 | 18.3 | 818 | 18.1 | 148 | 15.6–20.9 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 551–650 | 29.0 | 1296 | 18.1 | 235 | 16.1–20.3 | 1.06 | 0.64–1.77 | 0.823 |  |  |  |
 651–750 | 11.4 | 508 | 8.7 | 44 | 6.5–11.4 | 1.01 | 0.49–2.08 | 0.969 |  |  |  |
Study site | |||||||||||
 Ba-Phalaborwa | 35.3 | 1580 | 6.8 | 107 | 5.6–8.1 | 0.23 | 0.09–0.63 | 0.004 | 0.26 | 0.10–0.74 | 0.012 |
 Bushbuckridge | 64.7 | 2897 | 16.9 | 488 | 15.5–18.2 | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Total | 100 | 4477 | 13.3 | 595 | 12.3–14.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |