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Table 1 Baseline clinical and laboratory

From: Acidosis and acute kidney injury in severe malaria

Characteristics

Severe malaria

N = 90

Uncomplicated malaria N = 94

Sepsis

N = 19

Healthy

N = 61d

p value

Male, n (%)

63 (70%)

74 (79%)

9 (47%)

 

0.009

Age (year)*

32 (25–45)

29 (21–45)

35 (25–48)

 

0.205

Glasgow Coma Scale score*

10 (8–14)

15 (15–15)

14 (8–15)

 

< 0.001

GCS score < 11, n (%)

59/90 (66%)

0 (0%)

6/19 (32%)

  

Parasitaemia (count/μl)

41,929 (26,191–67,127)

10,287 (5959–17,758)

  

< 0.001

PfHRP2 (ng/ml)

1740 (1333–2272)

240.3 (167.8–344.1)

  

< 0.001

Total bilirubin (mg/dl)

2.8 (2.3–3.5, 0.2–44.2)

1.1 (0.9–1.4, 0.2–28.3)

0.94 (0.59–1.49)

 

< 0.001

Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.48 (1.34–1.65)

0.95 (0.89–1.01)

1.68 (1.25–2.26)

 

< 0.001

Acute kidney injury (creatinine > 3 mg/dl), n (%)

13/90 (14%)

0/94 (0%)

4/19 (21%)

  

Plasma concentration (μmol/l)a

 LA

4587 (4028–5223)

2246 (2080–2426)

2849 (2148–3779)

1111 (1088–1133)

< 0.001

 aHBA

118.7 (106–133)

63.07 (56.58–70.3)

107.7 (86.2–134.6)

22.18 (21.19–23.21)

< 0.001

 bHBA

139.0 (126.1–153.1)

101.9 (91.28–113.7)

247.9 (160.4–383.2)

71.37 (69.43–73.37)

< 0.001

 pHPLA

9.73 (8.51–11.11)

5.85 (5.57–6.15)

8.24 (6.97–9.73)

1.06 (0.99–1.14)

< 0.001

Corrected urine concentrations (μmol/mmol CrCl)a, b

 LA

9.94 (7.54–13.09)

2.85 (2.32–3.49)

13.82 (4.76–40.1)

 

< 0.001

 aHBA

0.95 (0.73–1.25)

0.63 (0.51–0.78)

1.07 (0.55–2.09)

 

0.063

 bHBA

2.56 (2.17–3.03)

1.88 (1.57–2.26)

4.61 (2.13–9.96)

 

0.003

 pHPLA

1.42 (1.09–1.86)

0.48 (0.34–0.66)

0.83 (0.30–2.29)

 

< 0.001

 MMA

0.14 (0.12–0.17)

0.23 (0.19–0.28)

0.15 (0.11–0.22)

 

< 0.001

 EMA

0.21 (0.17–0.25)

0.34 (0.27–0.43)

0.32 (0.21–0.48)

 

0.005

 aKGA

2.44 (2.09–2.85)

2.16 (1.89–2.47)

4.31 (2.77–6.70)

 

< 0.001

Urine concentrations (μmol/l)c

 LA

560.0 (436.3–718.7)

166.8 (140.0–198.7)

370.7 (196.7–698.7)

247.6 (221.1–277.2)

< 0.001

 aHBA

56.58 (44.39–72.12)

35.97 (29.98–43.16)

35.44 (23.43–53.59)

90.71 (80.0–102.8)

< 0.001

 bHBA

159.4 (142.2–178.7))

127.0 (114.4–140.9)

252.3 (168.7–377.3)

122.1 (115.3–129.2)

0.007

 pHPLA

74.98 (60.85–92.40)

26.31 (20.73–33.40)

28.57 (17.75–45.97)

21.76 (16.29–29.08)

< 0.001

 MMA

10.19 (8.51–12.20)

13.32 (11.20–15.84)

6.99 (4.53–10.79)

24.25 (20.79–28.28)

< 0.001

 EMA

13.22 (10.63–16.45)

19.70 (15.83–24.52)

11.79 (7.51–18.53)

45.34 (36.54–56.26)

< 0.001

 aKGA

218.0 (201.5–235.9)

220.8 (201.9–241.4)

250.1 (190.8–327.8)

UD

< 0.001

  1. Values are geometric mean (95% CI), except * median (IQR)
  2. aFor all plasma specimens, EMA, MMA, α-KGA were assayed but undetectable
  3. bUrine creatinine-adjusted concentrations were corrected as described in the “Methods” section
  4. cActual urine concentrations
  5. dFor healthy participants, clinical parameters and creatinine values were not available
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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