Table 1 Congenital malaria cases reported in the last 40 years in non-endemic area [16]
From: Challenging diagnosis of congenital malaria in non-endemic areas
Author/PMID | Endemic area | Interval time | Antenatal symptoms and treatment (if known) | Age at diagnosis | Symptoms at diagnosis | Plasmodium species and parasitemia | Haemoglobin level g/dl | Platelets count/µl | HIV status | Treatment | Country of diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vernes et al. 1978 PMID: 353713 | Cambodia | 2Â months | F 1Â day after delivery | 20Â days | F | P. vivax | Normal | Normal | Unknown | Chloroquine | France |
Excler et al. 1980 PMID: 6987619 | Cambodia | 1Â year | F | 1Â day | F, liver and spleen enlargement | P. vivax | 8 | 172,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | France |
Lajarrige PMID: 18307546 | Asia | Unknown | Delivery at home | 12Â days | F, paleness, LSE | P. vivax | 3.8 | 159,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | France |
Bour´ee et al. 1983 PMID:6340844 | Cameroon | 15 days | F | Birth | Lack of reactivity | P. falciparum | Unknown | 85,000 | Unknown | Unknown | France |
Ch´eron et al. 1986 PMID:3813804 | Guinea | 7 months | Malaria during pregnancy | 19 days | F | P. ovale | 10 | 134,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | France |
Peigne et al. 1987 PMID:3318635 | Pakistan | 4Â days | Malaria 4Â days after delivery | 50Â days | F, LSE, neurological | P. vivax | 4.3 | 12,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | France |
Poirrier PMID:18307546 | Madagascar | 17Â months | F/chloroquine | 19Â days | F | P. vivax 1.3% | 6.1 | 188,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | France |
Ligny et al. 1989 PMID:2696411 | Mali | 18Â days | Malaria during pregnancy | 28Â days | Paleness, LSE | P. falciparum 1.5% | 5.2 | Unknown | Unknown | Chloroquine | France |
Hennequin et al. 1991 PMID:1819395 | Cameroon | 15Â days | F | Birth | LSE, lethargy | P. falciparum 0.1% | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Chloroquine | France |
Romand et al. 1994 PMID:8078837 | Togo | 14Â months | F | 60Â days | F, paleness, LSE | P. falciparum | 6.3 | Unknown | Unknown | Halofantrine | France |
Niyongabo et al. 1989 PMID:2654272 | Laos | 2Â years | Quinine | 19Â days | F, haemolysis, irritability | P. vivax and P. malariae | 10.8 | 60,000 | Unknown | Quinine and chloroquine | France |
Hindi and Azimi. 1980 PMID:7005857 | Nigeria | 1Â year | Malaria during pregnancy | 35Â days | F, anaemia, LSE | P. falciparum | 8.7 | 257,000 | ng | Chloroquine | California |
Park et al. 1984 PMID:12891034 | Africa | 0 | Malaria during pregnancy | 39Â days | F, poor feeding, paleness, LSE | P. vivax 1% | 12.6 | 45,000 | ng | Chloroquine | Korea |
Gouyon et al. 1986 PMID:3530172 | Guyana | 6Â months | Malaria during pregnancy/4-aminoquinolein | 21Â days | F, poor feeding, paleness, LSE | P. vivax 1% | 12.6 | 45,000 | ng | Chloroquine | France |
Lynk and Gold 1989 PMID:2594448 | India (two cases) | 6Â months, 13Â months | F during third trimester | 28Â days, 35Â days | Irregular F, anorexia and lethargy, LSE, anaemia and thrombocytopeaenia | P. vivax | 4.1 and 5.9 | 47,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | Canada |
Joffe and Jadavji 1990 PMID:2196518 | India (two cases) | 9Â months | Malaria (P. vivax) during pregnancy/chloroquine | 21Â days | F, diarrhoea, poor feeding, LSE, anaemia neutropenia and thrombocytopaenia | P. vivax | 1 | 57,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | Canada |
Subramanian et al. 1992 PMID:1520785 | Salvador | 4Â months | F/antibiotics | 15Â days | F, coryza, anaemia | P. vivax | Unknown | 52,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | Texas |
Hulbert 1992 PMID:1576289 | Guatemala | 1Â year | Asthenia | 30Â days | F, LSE, diarrhoea, anaemia | P. vivax | 6.6 | 70,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | California |
Alves 1995 PMID:14689015 | Brazil | 40 days | Unknown | 14 days | Unknown | P. vivax | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | São Paulo State |
Lee et al. 1996 PMID:9046213 | Pakistan | Unknown | F/Ibuprofen | 60Â days | F, anaemia, haemolysis, cough, paleness, LSE | P. vivax | 5.3 | 69,000 | ng | Chloroquine | Singapore |
Marques et al. 1996 PMID:14688962 | Brazil (two cases) | Unknown | Malaria during pregnancy | Unknown | Anaemia, LSE | P. vivax, P. falciparum | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | unknown | São Paulo state |
Kuyucu et al.1999 PMID:10770683 | Turkey | Unknown | F and chills/Chloroquine | 19Â days | F, poor feeding, haemolysis, anaemia, LSE | P. vivax | 8.5 | 50,000 | ng | Chloroquine | Turkey |
Niederer and Loeffler 1999 PMID:9951993 | India | 1Â year | Unknown | 23Â days | F, cough, irritability, poor feeding, anaemia, leucopaenia, thrombocytopaenia | P. vivax | 10.7 | 27,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | California |
Romero Urbano et al. 2000 PMID:11003930 | Guinea | 1Â month | Unknown | 21Â days | F, anaemia, thrombocytopenia | P. falciparum | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Mefloquine | Spain |
Zenz et al. 2000 PMID:10890139 | Ghana | 18Â months | Unknown | 56Â days | F, LSE, anaemia | P. falciparum and P. malariae | 8.3 | Unknown | Unknown | Chloroquine | Germany |
D’avanzo MMWR, March 1, 2002/51(08); 16-5 | Congo | 5 years | Malaria 5 years before pregnancy/chloroquine | 21 days | F, dark urine, respiratory troubles, anaemia | P. malariae | 6.6 | 109,000 | ng | Chloroquine | North Carolina, USA |
Olowu et al. 2002 PMID:12221966 | Nigeria | Â | Unknown | 8Â h | unknown | unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Chloroquine | Osun State, Nigeria |
Doraiswamy CDC-MMRW April 22, 2005/54(15);383–384 | Guatemala | 5 months | F, coryza | 49 days | Moderate F, anaemia | P. vivax | 6.2 | Unknown | Unknown | Chloroquine | New York, USA |
Siriez et al. 2005 PMID:16465819 | Congo | 2Â years | Unknown | 42Â days | F, haemolysis, anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, poor feeding, LSE | P. malariae 3% | 5.8 | 110,000 | HIV-1 | Chloroquine | France |
Del Castillo et al. 2017 PMID:28077745 | Nigeria | 3Â months | Pueperal F, thrombocytopenia during delivery | 14Â days | F, cough | P. falciparum 5.4% | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Quinidine and Clindamycin | Washington (Columbia) |
Del Punta et al. 2010 PMID:20193072 | Pakistan | 1Â year | F, anaemia, thrombocytopenia during delivery | 22Â days | F, paleness, whining cry, liver and spleen enlargement, | P. vivax 2% | 12.3 | 14,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | Italy |
Voittier et al. 2008 PMID:18307546 | Guyana | 6Â months | malaria P. vivax/4-aminoquinoline | 21Â days | F, paleness, liver and spleen enlargement | P. vivax 1% | 12.6 | 45,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | France |
Voittier et al.2008 PMID:18307546 | Angola | 3Â years | HIV | 19Â days | F, poor feeding | P. ovale 2% | 12 | 38,000 | ng | Chloroquine | France |
Hagmann et al. 2007 PMID:17505278 | Honduras | 9 months | Malaria during pregnancy | 26 days | F, cough, runny nose | P. vivax 4–5% | 11.4 | 313,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | New York, USA |
De Pontual et al. 2006 PMID:17030531 | Congo | 2Â years | HIV | 42Â days | F, liver and spleen enlargement | P. malariae 1.8% | 6.4 | 122,000 | ng | Chloroquine | France |
Hewson et al. 2003 PMID:14629507 | India | 4Â months | F, abdominal pain, rigors | 19Â days | Apnoea, bradycardia | P. vivax | 12.2 | 95,000 | Unknown | Chloroquine | South Australia |