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Table 1 Summary of the included articles

From: Persistence of chloroquine resistance alleles in malaria endemic countries: a systematic review of burden and risk factors

Author

Year

Country

Design

Study period

Year CQ PC

Years CQ not in use

CQ still used

Prev. of Pfcrt K76T after CQ policy change

Prev. of Pfmdr1 N86Y after CQ policy change

Andriantsoanirina [37]

2010

Madagascar

RCT

2006–2007

2005

01

Yes

0.32% (2/621)

44.5% (147/330)

Achieng [19]

2015

Kenya

CSS

1995–2014

BF/AF

NA

Yes

28.5% (212/745)

14.9% (111/745)

Asih [45]

2009

Indonesia

CSS

2007

2004

3

NR

89.2% (345/387)

42.3% (82/194)

Atroosh [36]

2012

Malaysia

CSS

2007–2011

NR

NA

Yes

52.7% (39/75)

5.3% (4/75)

Baraka [15]

2015

Burkina Faso

RCT

NR

2005

NA

NR

48.7% (130/272)

61.8% (168/267)

Baraka [76]

2018

DRC/Uganda

RCT

2012–2014

NR

NR

NR

NR

DRC:

37.9% (278/732)

Uganda:

7.5% (55/732)

Bo Huang [35]

2016

Grande Comore Island

CSS

2006–2014

2004

2

Yes

49.5% (100/202)

66.8% (135/202)

Sutar [41]

2013

India

CSS

2008

1982

26

No

77.6% (156/201)

59.5% (119/200)

Das [28]

2017

India

CT

2008–2013

1982

26

Yes

Kolkata:

69.1% (540/781)

Purulia: 50.97% (398/781)

Kolkata:

44.3% (346/781)

Purulia:

65.6% (512/781)

Frank [29]

2011

Gabon

CSS

1995–2007

2003

8

Yes

99.2% (356/359)

NR

Gadalla [77]

2015

Tanzania

Cohort

2003–2006

2001

2

NR

93.6% (219/234)

91.6% (163/234)

Gupta [42]

2018

Mozambique

CSS

2015

2002

13

NR

2.3% (8/351)

3.1% (11/351)

Hemming-Schroeder [20]

2018

Kenya

CSS

2003–2015

1999

4

Yes

54.5% (335/615)

24.2% (142/586)

Akala [46]

2014

Kenya

CSS

2008–2012

1999

9

NR

42.2% (326/772)

20.5% (165/804)

Jovel [34]

2014

Guinea-Bissau

CT

2001–2002

2008

7

Yes

36.1% (600/1662)

36.7% (606/1650)

Kateera [40]

2016

Rwanda

CSS

2015

2001

14

No

39.2% (152/388)

3.7% (14/382)

Asare [26]

2014

Ghana

CSS

2012

2004

8

Yes

72% (154/214)

NR

Lekana-Douki [39]

2011

Gabon

CSS

2004/2009

2005

4

No

95.2% (219/230)

66.5% (153/230)

Lucchi [22]

2015

Kenya

CSS

2010–2013

1999

11

Yes

9.9% (20/203)

3.5% (7/200)

Ly [30]

2012

Senegal

CSS

2000–2009

2003

BF/AF

Yes

59.2% (316/532)

59.2% (316/532)

Afsharpad [44]

2012

Iran

CSS

2008–2010

2007

1

NR

94.7% (161/170)

42.9% (73/170)

Mbogo [24]

2014

Uganda

CT

2003–2012

2004

1

Yes

94.3% (807/856)

34.6% (267/771)

Mungthin [33]

2014

S. Thailand

CSS

2009

1995

14

Yes

100% (558/558)

89.2% (498/558)

Mittra [43]

2006

India

CSS

2000–2004

1982

26

NR

84.2% (223/265)

30.1% (72/239)

Mwai [21]

2009

Kenya

CSS

1993–2006

1999

NA

Yes

63% (203/322)

74.6% (126/169)

Mwanza [38]

2016

Zambia

CSS

2010–2013

2003

7

No

0

NR

Ndam [32]

2017

Cameroon

CT

2003–2012

2002

1

Yes

42.9% (111/259)

NR

Ndiaye [31]

2012

Senegal

CSS

2009–2011

2003

6

Yes

18.7% (84/449)

NR

Ogouyemi-Hounto [23]

2013

Benin

CSS

2011

2004

7

Yes

93.9% (200/213)

57.1% (121/212)

Okombo [18]

2014

Kenya

CSS

1995–2013

2004

9

Yes

57.9% (212/366)

51.6% (119/231)

Afoakwah [27]

2014

Ghana

CSS

2010–2011

2004

6

Yes

58.5% (144/246)

NR

Otienoburu [47]

2016

Liberia

CT

2008–2009

2003

5

NR

93.5% (275/294)

69.4% (204/294)

Some [78]

2016

Burkina Faso

CT

2012

2005

7

NR

24.6% (58/236)

19.3% (46/238)

Sondo [79]

2015

Burkina Faso

CT

2010–2012

2005

5

NR

20.5% (120/584)

NR

Thomsen [16]

2013

Mozambique

CSS

2009–2010

2002

7

Yes

43.1% (163/378)

35.4% (134/378)

Raman [17]

2011

Mozambique

CSS

2006–2010

2002

4

Yes

76.9% (1694/2203)

0

Duah [25]

2013

Ghana

CSS

2003–2010

2005

BF/AF

Yes

52.1% (554/1063)

47.8% (372/778)

Mohammed [80]

2013

Tanzania

CSS

2010–2011

2001

9

NR

5.7% (42/741)

NR

  1. CSS cross-sectional, BF/AF before/after, NR not reported, CQ chloroquine, PC policy change