Fig. 2
From: Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin metabolites and their activity against Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes
Ivermectin metabolites pharmacokinetics in human. Mean blood level-time curves of ivermectin metabolites determined in pharmacokinetic (PK) study samples. A number of 12 individuals received a single oral dose of 12 mg ivermectin. The blood samples of the participants were analysed to derive the maximal blood level (Cmax) from the metabolite peak intensity time plots. The error bars correspond to the standard deviation. The Cmax (blue) and T0 (yellow) chromatograms of PK subject 6 are shown next to the blood level-time curves. The metabolite signals of spiked blank blood samples (T0 sample of PK subject 6) are colored in red. The arrow in the chromatogram indicates whether the amount of the spiked sample had to be increased (red) or decreased (blue) to reach the peak intensity of Cmax samples. If a metabolite was not detected in PK samples, as for M9, the metabolite level was adjusted to the lower limit of detection of the method. In this case, blank blood fed to mosquitoes was spiked with the metabolite to obtain a signal intensity three times greater than the corresponding noise signal. It should be noted that the peak area of M4 in spiked blood samples was on average larger than the observed Cmax levels. However, the M4 peak area of the spiked blank sample of subject 6 was smaller than the observed Cmax. For this reason, the amount of M4 was reduced to obtain values that corresponded to the average Cmax of all 12 study participants (Additional file 1: Table S5)