Table 2 Prevalence of Plasmodium infection and individual risk factors in Gambella (March 2019 and October2019)
Factor | Dry season | Wet season | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Microscopy | PCR | Microscopy | PCR | |||||
| Â | Total | Positive n (%) | Total | Positive n (%) | Total | Positive n (%) | Total | Positive n (%) | |
Individual level factors | 1337 | 86 (6.4) | 294 | 25 (8.5) | 839 | 47 (5.6) | 237 | 43 (18.1) | |
Sex | Female | 605 | 34 (5.6) | 137 | 12 (8.8) | 393 | 18 (4.6) | 94 | 17 (18.1) |
Male | 732 | 52 (7.1) | 157 | 13 (8.3) | 446 | 29 (6.5) | 143 | 26 (18.2) | |
Age group (in years) |  < 5 | 132 | 2 (1.5) | 14 | 3 (21.4) | 111 | 5 (4.5) | 24 | 2 (8.3) |
5_15 | 361 | 6 (1.7) | 65 | 9 (13.8) | 217 | 10 (4.6) | 41 | 11 (26.8) | |
 > 15 | 844 | 78 (9.2) | 215 | 13 (6.0) | 511 | 32 (6.3) | 172 | 30 (17.4) | |
Job | Indoor | 695 | 15 (2.2) | 110 | 14 (12.7) | 449 | 19 (4.2) | 99 | 15 (15.2) |
Outdoor | 642 | 71 (11.1) | 184 | 11 (6.0) | 390 | 28 (7.2) | 138 | 28 (20.3) | |
Length of stay in the area |  < 6 months | 23 | 5 (21.7) | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 25 | 3 (12.0) | 6 | 0 (0.0) |
7–12 months | 33 | 4 (12.1) | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 33 | 2 (6.1) | 8 | 3 (37.5) | |
1–3 years | 60 | 5 (8.3) | 13 | 5 (38.5) | 27 | 1 (3.7) | 9 | 3 (33.3) | |
 > 3 years | 1221 | 72 (5.9) | 276 | 18 (6.5) | 754 | 41 (5.4) | 214 | 37 (17.3) | |
Migrant worker | No | 1175 | 46 (3.9) | 217 | 20 (9.2) | 752 | 39 (5.2) | 172 | 32 (18.6) |
Yes | 162 | 40 (24.7) | 77 | 5 (6.5) | 87 | 8 (9.2) | 65 | 11 (16.9) | |
ITN utilization | Every night | 1007 | 55 (5.5) | 199 | 14 (7.0) | 476 | 18 (3.8) | 138 | 28 (20.3) |
Sometimes | 46 | 2 (4.3) | 12 | 0 (0.0) | 11 | 1 (9.1) | 1 | 1 (100.0) | |
No use | 284 | 29 (10.2) | 83 | 11 (13.3) | 352 | 28 (8.0) | 98 | 14 (14.3) | |
Cluster level factors | |||||||||
Irrigation status | Irrigated | 472 | 61 (12.9) | 123 | 15 (12.2) | 328 | 22 (6.7) | 89 | 22 (24.7) |
Non-irrigated | 865 | 25 (2.9) | 171 | 10 (5.8) | 511 | 25 (4.9) | 148 | 21 (14.2) | |
HH education level | ≥ Secondary | 474 | 34 (7.2) | 111 | 11 (9.9) | 231 | 10 (4.3) | 69 | 18 (26.1) |
Primary | 360 | 17 (4.7) | 87 | 6 (6.9) | 235 | 14 (6.0) | 70 | 10 (14.3) | |
No education | 503 | 35 (7.0) | 96 | 8 (8.3) | 373 | 23 (6.2) | 98 | 15 (15.3) | |
Family size |  < 5 | 783 | 65 (8.3) | 192 | 14 (7.3) | 434 | 23 (5.3) | 144 | 26 18.1) |
 > 5 | 554 | 21 (3.8) | 102 | 11 (10.8) | 405 | 24 (5.9) | 93 | 17 (18.3) | |
House construction material | |||||||||
Roof material | Corrugated iron | 664 | 58 (8.7) | 159 | 13 (8.2) | 488 | 25 (5.1) | 141 | 30 (21.3) |
Thatch | 673 | 28(4.2) | 135 | 12 (8.9) | 351 | 22 (6.3) | 96 | 13 (13.5) | |
Wall material | Corrugated iron | 176 | 37 (21.0) | 81 | 6 (7.4) | 132 | 7 (5.3) | 86 | 17 (19.8) |
Mud/cement | 1161 | 49 (4.2) | 213 | 19 (8.9) | 707 | 40 (5.7) | 151 | 26 (17.2) | |
No. of sleeping room | ≥ Three | 87 | 2 (2.3) | 19 | 3 (15.8) | 134 | 5 (3.7) | 23 | 7 (30.4) |
Two | 254 | 9 (3.5) | 37 | 4 (10.8) | 271 | 15 (5.5) | 53 | 12 (22.6) | |
One | 996 | 75 (7.5) | 238 | 18 (7.6) | 434 | 27 (6.2) | 161 | 24 (14.9) | |
Vector control measures | |||||||||
No. of ITN/house | ≥ Three | 232 | 10 (4.3) | 45 | 3 (6.7) | 41 | 2 (4.9) | 10 | 4 (40.0) |
Two | 443 | 13 (2.9) | 76 | 4 (5.3) | 207 | 5 (2.4) | 47 | 10 (21.3) | |
One | 422 | 40 (9.5) | 97 | 8 (8.2) | 264 | 13 (4.9) | 89 | 15 (16.9) | |
Not available | 240 | 23 (9.6) | 76 | 10 (13.2) | 327 | 27 (8.3) | 91 | 14 (15.4) | |
IRS sprayed | No | 713 | 49 (6.9) | 199 | 14 (7.0) | 320 | 20 (6.3) | 125 | 24 (19.2) |
Yes | 624 | 37 (5.9) | 95 | 11 (11.6) | 519 | 27 (5.2) | 112 | 19 (17.0) | |
Household | Â | 388 | 70 (18.0) | 210 | 22 (10.5) | 297 | 40 (13.5) | 174 | 41 (23.6) |