Table 2 Average annual change in malaria and death incidences before and after introduction of various interventions

LLIN

1991–2009

0.942 (0.900, 0.987)

0.012

1.070 (0.993, 1.153)

0.076

2010–2021

0.775 (0.739, 0.812)

< 0.001 (*)

0.714 (0.407, 1.253)

0.241

ACT and RDT

1991–2005

0.971 (0.917, 1.029)

0.321

1.173 (1.061, 1.297)

0.002 (*)

2006–2021

0.814 (0.798, 0.830)

< 0.001 (*)

0.643 (0.519, 0.795)

< 0.001 (*)

Guppy and Gambusia fishes as biological vector control

1991–1996

1.288 (1.091, 1.522)

0.003 (*)

2.345 (1.347,4.081)

0.003 (*)

1997–2021

0.867 (0.850, 0.885)

< 0.001 (*)))

0.892 (0.848, 0.938)

< 0.001 (*)