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Table 3 Effect of Galaxaura rugosa methanol and petroleum ether extracts on different developmental times of Anopheles pharoensis

From: UPLC/ESI/MS profiling of red algae Galaxaura rugosa extracts and its activity against malaria mosquito vector, Anopheles pharoensis, with reference to Danio rerio and Daphnia magna as bioindicators

Extract

Conc (ppm)

Larval duration (Days ± SD)

Pupal duration (Days ± SD)

Developmental time (Days ± SD)

Growth index

Methanol extract

80

5.31 ± 0.032a

3.32 ± 0.028a

8.64 ± 0.032a

9.64 ± 2.72bc

60

5.10 ± 0.024b

3.25 ± 0.029a

8.35 ± 0.036b

8.94 ± 0.27c

40

4.77 ± 0.096c

3.07 ± 0.029b

7.84 ± 0.125c

10.98 ± 0.56abc

20

4.54 ± 0.061d

2.76 ± 0.037c

7.30 ± 0.061d

13.69 ± 0.11ab

10

4.47 ± 0.045d

2.45 ± 0.044d

6.92 ± 0.09e

14.43 ± 0.18a

Petroleum ether extract

35

5.64 ± 0.047a

3.52 ± 0.049a

9.17 ± 0.096a

6.05 ± 0.79c

30

5.44 ± 0.046b

3.41 ± 0.012a

8.86 ± 0.042b

8.75 ± 0.58b

25

5.26 ± 0.037c

3.35 ± 0.016ab

8.61 ± 0.049b

11.61 ± 0.06a

20

5.11 ± 0.021c

3.22 ± 0.072b

8.33 ± 0.084c

12.0 ± 0.12a

15

4.93 ± 0.074a

3.02 ± 0.087c

7.95 ± 0.089d

12.56 ± 0.14a

Positive control

(α- Cypermethrin)

0.1

5.77 ± 0.082a

3.67 ± 0.054a

9.45 ± 0.106a

5.66 ± 1.57b

0.08

5.41 ± 0.153b

3.63 ± 0.032ab

9.04 ± 0.179b

7.69 ± 0.67b

0.06

5.35 ± 0.062b

3.53 ± 0.021bc

8.88 ± 0.057bc

8.25 ± 0.5b

0.04

5.19 ± 0.036b

3.45 ± 0.032 cd

8.65 ± 0.037 cd

11.56 ± 0.04a

0.02

5.15 ± 0.028b

3.34 ± 0.036d

8.50 ± 0.065d

11.76 ± 0.09a

Negative Control

4.19 ± 0.131

2.21 ± 0.044

6.41 ± 0.086

15.6 ± 0.21

  1. Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Growth index has been calculated according to Shehata et al. [12]