Skip to main content

Table 4 Predicted hazard of clinical malaria during the malaria transmission season

From: Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum carriage at the end of the dry season is associated with subsequent infection and clinical malaria in Eastern Gambia

Factors

Description (n)

% symptomatic infections (n)

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

HR [95% CI]

P value

HR [95% CI]

P value

Asymptomatic infection at the end of dry season

Yes (67)

34.3 (23)

1.826 [1.165–2.861]

0.0086

1.561 [0.988–2.467]

0.057

No (241)

19.7 (121)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Sex

F (383)

19.6 (73)

1.306 [0.941–1.815]

0.11

  

M (295)

24.1 (71)

Ref.

   

Age groups (years)

< 5 (129)

7.7 (10)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

5–14 (296)

23.6 (70)

3.404 [1.751–6.617]

0.0003

3.404 [1.746–6.638]

0.0003

≥ 15 (253)

25.5 (64)

3.656 [1.751–7.131]

0.0001

3.951 [2.024–7.714]

< 0.0001

Village of residence

J (107)

23.4 (25)

2.024 [0.945–4.337]

0.07

2.115 [0.980–4.562]

0.056

K (304)

16.4 (20)

1.347 [0.663–2.740]

0.41

1.299 [0.636–2.651]

0.47

N (73)

12.3 (9)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

P (196)

30.6 (60)

2.721 [1.350–5.484]

0.0051

1.218 [0.966–1.536]

0.095

History of fever in the past week

Yes (21)

19.0 (4)

0.889 [0.325–2.435]

0.82

2.717 [1.344–5.494]

0.0054

No (647)

27.7 (134)

Ref.

   

Anaemiaa

No (370)

23.2 (86)

1.672 [1.044–2.677]

0.032

1.744 [1.187–2.797]

0.0231

Mild (155)

14.2 (22)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Moderate (135)

22.2 (30)

1.619 [0.932–2.813]

0.087

1.620 [0.933–2.812]

0.087

Severe (10)

20.0 (2)

1.459 [0.341–6.231]

0.61

1.335 [0.312–5.723]

0.07

Fever at inclusion

Yes (7)

14.3 (1)

0.535 [0.074–3.872]

0.676

  

No (663)

21.0 (139)

Ref.

   
  1. In this analysis only individuals with known infection status during the follow-up period were included (data on active or passive diagnosis of infection at least once during the follow-up period)
  2. Significant estimates are bolded
  3. HR hazard ratio, CI confident interval, Ref. reference
  4. Only factors associated with symptomatic infections in the univariate analysis (p < 0.05) were included in the multivariate analysis
  5. aAnaemia determined by age and sex according to the OMS 2011 report (OMS, 2011)
Back to article page

Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

Contact us