Fig. 1
Two ICD-associated subtypes were identified in the Plasmodium falciparum infection cohort by consensus clustering. A Heatmap showing the expression patterns of ICD genes [12] in both uninfected control and malaria-infected patient samples in the GSE34404 dataset. The statistical analyses were performed employing an unpaired t-test, with adjustments for multiple comparisons made using the Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) procedure. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Blue stars indicate lower expression, while red stars indicate higher expression in malaria-infected samples. B The PerMANOVA test based on the Euclidean distance measures showed a notable disparity of ICD genes expression between the control group and malaria-infected group in the GSE34404 dataset using principal component analysis (PCA) (adonis R2 0.29; p value 0.001). C Consensus matrices of malaria-infected samples in the GSE34404 dataset for k = 2 using 5000 iterations of the unsupervised consensus clustering method (PAM) to ensure clustering stability. D Heatmap showing the expression of ICD genes in different subtypes in the GSE34404 dataset. Statistical analyses were conducted employing an unpaired t-test, with adjustments for multiple comparisons made using the Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) procedure. Blue stars and red stars indicate lower and higher expression in the cluster 1 subtype, respectively. E PCA of ICD subtypes in malaria-infected samples in the GSE34404 dataset